Welcome to this snowmobile course! The idea of ​​this course is to help you on the way to the driving licence.

Be aware that the class S driver's license training consists of both theory and practice. We go through most of it in this theory course, but something must be taken in the practical part.

Structure of the course

The course is divided into seven chapters which together cover what you need to know to get your snowmobile driver's licence.

At the end of each chapter you will find a summary and control tasks.

1. Introduction

1.1 Curriculum class S

Curriculum class S

In the curriculum for class S, prepared by the Norwegian Public Roads Administration, you will find everything you need to go through in both theory and practice. Here you will see that the tutorial is divided into four steps.

Stages 2 and 3 contain what is called stage assessment. Here you and your driving instructor must assess whether the objectives for the stage have been achieved and whether you are ready for the next level. The step assessment must include a pre- and post-interview, as well as practical driving.

One goal of the traffic education is for you to learn a good driving process, which you can do completely without thinking about it. The driving process involves sensing, perceiving, deciding and acting while driving.

Step 1

Level 1 consists of a basic traffic course and is aimed at the traffic system and the student's understanding of risk. You must gain a basic understanding of the driving role and what is expected of you. Stage 1 also includes first aid and driving in the dark.

Step 2

Stage 2 consists of training in driving techniques. You will learn how to drive as environmentally friendly and economically as possible.

You will also acquire knowledge about how a snowmobile is constructed, your responsibility when driving in nature and how to navigate using a map, compass and GPS.

During stage 2, you will also complete a basic course in class S. Here you will learn about the challenges of driving in the mountains, the importance of the right clothing and the necessary safety equipment.

Step 3

Stage 3 consists of driving in varied terrain, different driving conditions, with and without sled and passengers. You will also learn to take into account other users of nature, wildlife, nature and the environment. At the end of stage 3, the driving skills should be almost independent.

Stage 3 involves 4 hours of compulsory training, of which at least 3 hours must be driving on varied terrain.

Step 4

Stage 4 consists of training in the challenges and risks of driving in nature. You will learn to prevent injuries and accidents, as well as take care of yourself and help others in the event of an accident.

Step 4 also includes a 7-hour safety course that takes place outside in nature. Here you will go through current emergency measures, camera rescue and first aid. Here you have to show your ability to plan and orient yourself out in nature. Often, an incident will also be entered where you have to show that you have mastered first aid, safety equipment, as well as duties and measures in the event of accidents.

1. Introduction

1.2 Driving license class S

Driving license class S

Driver's license class S is valid for driving a snowmobile in Norway, it also includes driving a sledge. Driving licenses for snowmobiles are divided into two classes based on the age of the driver and the power of the snowmobile. Under the age of 18, you are limited to class 1. In class 1, the ratio between power and net weight cannot be higher than 0.20 kW/kg. For example, if the snowmobile weighs 325 kg, it cannot have a greater engine power than 65 kW (approx. 87 hp).

Requirements for obtaining a driving license class S:

• Completed and passed basic traffic course.
• Completed and passed compulsory training.
• Passed theoretical exam for class S.
• Submit an application for a driver's license together with a self-certificate for health. In the identity card, you must show that you have a good character, good enough eyesight and health, and that you are 16 years old. If you have, for example, impaired vision or something else that can affect your ability to drive, you must attach a health certificate from your doctor.

Health requirements

In order to be issued a driving licence, there are a number of requirements for your health. When driving, you get 90% of the information from your sight. If your visual acuity is less than 0.5, you must use contact lenses or glasses when driving.

If you have diabetes treated with insulin or other diabetes medicines, you can get a health certificate from your doctor with a recommendation for a driving license for up to five years at a time.

You must not have had epileptic seizures or other disturbances of consciousness during the last 12 months.

You also cannot have serious mental disorders or mental limitations that lead to poor judgment or reduced impulse control, this can lead to dangerous situations in traffic. If you have some form of functional impairment, you must inform the traffic station about this.

2. Vehicle and driving skills

2.0 Introduction

Introduction

In this chapter, we will go through the requirements for practice driving, ownership liability, different types of penalties for breaking the law, as well as the correct use of clothing and protective equipment.

At the end of the chapter you will find a summary and control tasks.

This chapter is about:

• 2.1 Practice drive
• 2.2 Ownership responsibility
• 2.3 Penalties
• 2.4 Clothing and protective equipment
• 2.5 Summary and control tasks

2. Vehicle and driving skills

2.1 Practice drive

Practice run

Just like for all other classes, practice driving with a snowmobile is a good way to gain experience and quantity training. The challenge with practice driving with a snowmobile is that the regulations are very strict in Norway. Below is a list of requirements that must be met in order to practice driving a snowmobile:

• Completed and passed basic traffic course.
• You must be 15 years old.
• Meet the health requirements for practice driving.
• The companion must have reached the age of 25, and have held a driving license for a snowmobile continuously for the past five years.
• The companion must either be on the same snowmobile as you, or follow behind on their own snowmobile. You must both wear a reflective vest with a red L on it, and be able to keep in touch through two-way radio communication.
• If the practice run takes place in a cordoned-off area, it is sufficient that you and the companion see each other and have the opportunity to give instructions.
• The practice run must not be a danger or inconvenience to others. Illegal practice driving can lead to recourse, fines, confiscation of the vehicle or a suspension period.

2. Vehicle and driving skills

2.2 Ownership responsibility

Ownership responsibility

As the owner of a snowmobile, you have the following responsibilities:

• The snowmobile must be registered with a vehicle license and plates. If a vehicle is rebuilt, it must be approved again. The vehicle is considered rebuilt when it changes engine power or other technical specifications.
• Traffic insurance must be in order. Traffic insurance covers damage you cause to others.
• The snowmobile must be in proper condition.
• The driver of the snowmobile must be fit to drive. This means that you should not drive if you are tired, ill, intoxicated or on medication that affects your ability to drive.
• It is the owner of a vehicle's duty to ensure that the person borrowing the vehicle has a driving license for the vehicle. At the same time, those who drive illegally will also be punished.
• When buying and selling a snowmobile, it is the previous owner's responsibility to submit a sales notification.

Carriage card part 1.

Decent and regulatory condition

Proper and regulatory condition means that the snowmobile must be technically approved and safe to drive. If it is not in a safe condition, you must leave the snowmobile standing.

As the owner of a vehicle, you must be sure that the person borrowing the vehicle has a driving license for the vehicle in question. As the owner, it is also your responsibility that the loaned vehicle is in a safe condition. While driving, the driver is responsible.

If a vehicle is in a safe condition, it could be, for example, a lack of lights on the vehicle when driving in daylight. In such a case, it would still be prudent to drive to a workshop. However, it is not in regulatory condition, i.e. as the vehicle should be according to the vehicle regulations.

Before you drive off, you must check that there is enough petrol and oil in the tank, that the variator belt is in order and that you have spare parts and tools with you. It also means that any cargo is properly secured.

Insurance

All vehicles must have traffic insurance, there are no exceptions here. If you do not pay the insurance, you risk the snowmobile being separated. Traffic insurance covers the following:

• Damage to the driver of another vehicle, passengers and pedestrians.
• Damage to another vehicle if the driver cannot be charged for the damage.
• Damage to another person's property.
• Damage to the driver himself.

Traffic insurance does not cover damage to your own snowmobile and any trailer sled. It may be relevant to have additional insurance such as comprehensive insurance, property insurance or occupational injury insurance.

It is a good idea to have a claim form available.

Sign, vehicle card and instruction book

Snowmobile signs consist of yellow numbers and letters on a black background. The sign must be placed in front of or on the left side of the snowmobile. It is not allowed to have the sign behind.

The carriage card

In the vehicle license you will find information about who owns the snowmobile, as well as technical information about the vehicle. The carriage card is divided into two parts.

Part 1 (technical part) contains information related to the identity of the owner and the vehicle, as well as technical information about the vehicle. Part 1 must be kept in the vehicle.

Part 2 (the owner part) contains information about the identity of the owner and the vehicle. This part should be kept in a safe place, separate from the vehicle.

Instruction book

You must also familiarize yourself with the instruction manual for your snowmobile. Much is the same for almost all snowmobiles, while something depends on which snowmobile you have. Here you will be able to find important information such as:

• Storage and general maintenance of your snowmobile.
• Belt change and plug change.
• Use of jump rope for emergency starting.
• Which oil and petrol are used.
• Adjustment of springs and shock absorbers.
• Belt tightening.

Regression

In some cases, the insurance companies have the right to reclaim paid compensation from the person who is responsible for the damage. This is called regression. The insurance companies can claim all or part of the sum back. Many drunk drivers have been financially ruined because they have had to pay out many millions in compensation.

When can the insurance company claim recourse in the event of an accident?

• In case of gross negligence – This could be, for example, driving under the influence.
• If you drive without a driver's license.
• Illegal practice driving.
• If the snowmobile is stolen.
• If the snowmobile is trimmed.
• If you drive without a helmet.
• If the driving for any other reason falls outside what is covered by the insurance.

2. Vehicle and driving skills

2.3 Penalties

Punitive actions

Violation of the law could result in a punitive response from the authorities. The seriousness of the offense determines the punishment you receive. We will now take a closer look at the different penalty reactions.

Penalty and simplified notice

Fine

A fine is used for serious violations of the rules and is considered a punishment. In this connection, you are entitled to a court case if desired.

The police also have the right to confiscate your driver's license if they deem it necessary.

An example of this could be driving in 80 km/h densely built-up areas, or that you drive without a driver's license or vehicle licence. Then you risk both a fine and a confiscated driver's license.

Simplified presentation

A simplified sentence is used for less serious offences. If you accept a simplified sentence, you will receive a fine there and then which you must pay. The case is hereby settled and does not proceed further in the system. Examples of offenses that may result in a simplified sentence:

• Minor speeding.
• Did not comply with the duty to yield.
• Driving without lights.

Prison sentence

Imprisonment is also used for serious offences, and is the most severe sentence you can receive. For example, driving with a high blood alcohol level or causing an accident could result in you being sentenced to prison. If you are convicted of drink-driving twice within 5 years, your driving license can be revoked forever. A distinction is made between unconditional and conditional imprisonment.

Unconditional imprisonment

Anyone sentenced to unconditional imprisonment must serve the sentence in prison.

Conditional imprisonment

A person sentenced to a suspended sentence does not have to serve time in prison, provided that the person fulfills certain conditions. There will also be a requirement that the convicted person does not commit new criminal offenses during a fixed probationary period.

Blocking period

Certain types of offenses can result in your driving license being suspended. This means that you will be denied a driving license from the time the offense occurred until a certain point in time, usually 6 months.

If you are younger than the legal minimum age for the driver's license in question, the suspension period runs from the day you reach the minimum age. The ban on snowmobiles will therefore run from the age of 16. A suspension period is also not considered a punishment, so you can get a suspension period even if you are under 15 (criminal minimum age).

Point load

Traffic violations will in many cases result in dots on the driver's licence. These dots are registered with the police. If you get 8 or more points within 3 years, you will lose your driving license for 6 months. Until you have held a driving license for two years, you will be considered a new driver and will receive twice as many points for offences.

List of common offenses and the number of points it gives:

• Running a red light: Three dots
• Illegal overtaking: Three dots
• Violation of the duty to yield: Three dots
• Violation of the ban on mobile phone use: Two dots
• Failure to secure passengers under the age of 15: Two points

2. Vehicle and driving skills

2.4 Clothing and protective equipment

Clothing and protective equipment

The curriculum states that you must have knowledge of the correct use of clothing and protective equipment. This may seem distant and not relevant to snowmobiling itself, but since you are often out in nature in cold surroundings and far from help, knowledge of this topic can be absolutely crucial when you are on a trip.

Also remember that when the body cools down, your muscles will stiffen, this in turn will cause you to become unfocused and have poorer reaction ability. The risk of injuries and accidents will increase.

Exposed areas are the head, neck, neck, wrists and ankles. Here you will find the main artery and the main nerves that lie against the skin and regulate body temperature.

We will now go through the different layers you should wear:

• Underwear
• Intermediate garment
• Outerwear
• Helmet

Underwear

The innermost layer should consist of clothes that breathe well so that the sweat disappears from the cloth. This can be, for example, wool or wool terry, these materials retain heat well while also absorbing sweat.

Wool can be quite itchy, so synthetic fibers are an alternative. It does not warm as well as wool, but sits loose and free. Do not use cotton, it gets wet quickly and takes a long time to dry.

Intermediate garment

Typical intermediate garments are trousers, jumper, socks, gloves and hat. These should be light garments that breathe well, but do not get clammy and wet. Fleece is a good alternative. Wool retains heat very well, but is often heavy and takes a long time to dry.

Good socks are important to keep your feet warm and dry. A mixture of wool and synthetic fibers provides the best fit and warmth. Always remember extra socks.

Gloves and mittens should be equipped with covers so that they not only keep the hands warm, but also the pulses. The cover will also act as extra protection. Mittens are warmer than gloves, but gloves are easier to control. Remember and impregnate them so they can withstand rain and moisture. It may also be a good idea to use a neck warmer or face mask to avoid heat loss from the neck, head and neck.

Outerwear

The outermost layer should be water-repellent, quick-drying and breathable to keep you dry. It should also protect you from cold, wind, moisture, shock and damage. A driving suit with Kevlar, Gore-Tex and impregnated with Teflon is recommended. It can also be smart to have bright colors on outerwear so that you look good.

Boots

The boots should be warm and fit well on the foot. They should also be water-resistant and breathable so that they protect against cold and moisture. The footboard of the snowmobile is often wet and cold, so the boots should have thick soles that insulate well.

Outerwear with reflective material.

Helmet

It is mandatory to wear a helmet when driving a snowmobile. The helmet must protect against precipitation, cold air, shocks and damage. There are many different types of helmets, what you have to look out for is that the helmet is approved for snowmobiling. You can find this out by looking for an approval mark. The approval mark consists of the letter E, as well as the code number of the approval country with a circle around it. Alpine helmets or climbing helmets that are CE approved can also be used.

When driving a snowmobile you should wear glasses or use the helmet's visor at all times. Then you protect your eyes from both weather and wind, as well as any other objects. It is also important that you do not damage the surface of the helmet. This can cause the helmet to not hold up as well in a collision. Also make sure that the helmet has the right fit, it is important for it to function properly in the event of an accident or collision.

There are some exceptions to the requirement to wear a helmet when driving a snowmobile:

• Driving in a garage, car park, petrol station or similar restricted area.
• Driving in connection with reindeer husbandry, forestry, transporting patients or other rescue missions.
• In military departments when the Defense helmet is used.

3. The snowmobile

3.0 Introduction

Introduction

In this chapter we will look at the snowmobile's construction, important parts and maintenance. We will also look at the correct use of lights, changing the variator belt and setting up the electrical system.

At the end of the chapter, you will find a short summary of the most important points, as well as control tasks.

This chapter is about:

• 3.1 Construction
• 3.2 Wear parts
• 3.3 Light
• 3.4 Seat, handle and trailer hitch
• 3.5 Electrical installation
• 3.6 Summary and control tasks

3. The snowmobile

3.1 Construction

Construction

The curriculum states that you must have knowledge of how a snowmobile is constructed. Here we will look at different types of engine, drivetrain, variator belt, spark plugs, cooling system and belt.

Construction

When you drive a snowmobile, you are often far out in nature, left to yourself and the rest of your traveling party. Your knowledge and that of those you are traveling with is therefore absolutely essential to being able to help if something were to happen. Help will often be far away, and it can be time-consuming and complicated to arrange another transport or repair. You and the traveling party must be confident that you have the necessary skills.

Left to yourself and the rest of the traveling party.

Engine

In the past, snowmobiles were often constructed with a two-stroke engine. Such an engine has several advantages. It is small and powerful, while being easy to start in the cold. On snowmobiles with a two-stroke engine, you must add two-stroke oil either in its own tank or directly in the petrol. If the engine runs out of oil, it can cut, this is often expensive to repair.

In recent times, however, the four-stroke engine has become more common. Unlike a two-stroke engine that requires you to mix oil into the petrol yourself, a four-stroke engine uses regular petrol. It also uses less fuel, makes less noise and pollutes less.

Condensation

In the event of a change in weather and rapid temperature changes, condensation may occur in the fuel tank, which in turn can lead to the engine stopping. To avoid condensation, you can have a condensate remover in the petrol, and make sure you have a full fuel tank.

Condensation

Moisture inside the fuel tank.

Drivetrain

Drivetrain is a collective term for the parts that transmit power from the engine to the drive wheels. On a snowmobile, the drive system consists of a drive chain, variator belt and belt. The drive chain must be checked regularly to ensure that it is tight enough.

If the snowmobile is parked while it is warm and damp, the belt and drive train can freeze. To avoid this, it is a good idea to brush off all loose snow and ice before parking. If it has already frozen solid, you can lift the snowmobile up behind and drop it down so that the ice cracks.

Storage and general maintenance:

• In the summer, the snowmobile should be stored in a dry place without sunlight.
• The battery should be charged every three months, as well as just before the start of the season.
• Change the oil on the gear and chain case before storage.
• It is a good idea to have the service done in the spring before you put the snowmobile away for the summer.

Variator belt

The variator on a snowmobile works like the transmission on other vehicles. Its task is to transfer forces from the primary variator to the secondary variator. The forces are passed on to the belt via the chain or gearbox.

The variator belt is exposed to wear and tear while driving, as a result of the wear and tear the variator belt may break while you are out for a walk. If water gets on the variator belt, traction can decrease because the belt loses grip. It is therefore important that you always check the variator belt before driving. If it is worn, you must replace it.

It is when starting up and driving uphill with a heavy load that the variator belt is exposed to the most wear. When you are out driving, you should always have an extra variator belt and the necessary tools for changing it with you.

Installation of variator belt

Learn how to check and change the variator belt. Make sure that the variator belt is installed in the direction of rotation.

The variator belt is the black belt with a notch in it.

Spark plugs

When you start the snowmobile, the function of the spark plug is to emit a spark that ignites the gasoline gas entering the engine. This burning reaction is used to develop forces that propel the vehicle forward.

The spark plugs are an important part and must be checked regularly. Check by lifting the plug cap and checking that the spark plug is clean, dry and undamaged. A worn or damaged spark plug can lead to choppy and uneven progress, engine stalling and, in the worst case, breakdown. It is therefore important that you always have extra spark plugs and the necessary tools with you so that you can replace them if necessary.

Spark plugs are changed in the following way:

• Remove each plug cap with wire.
• Unscrew the plugs one by one with the socket wrench.
• Insert one plug at a time with a plug cap over it. Avoid messing with the wires.

The spark plug must be checked regularly. Here you see an old and a new set of spark plugs.

Cooling system

On a snowmobile, the cooling system often runs in the belt tunnel. The cooling system depends on the belt dragging snow and ice with it while driving, which helps to cool down the engine.

If it is hot outside and you are driving on hard snow or other terrain, the engine may run hot. This can also happen if you drive a heavily loaded snowmobile, when driving with a sled or driving uphill. On a snowmobile with a two-stroke engine the temperature should be between 35 - 55 degrees, while on a snowmobile with a four-stroke engine it should be between 75 - 95 degrees.

Tips on how to cool down the engine if it gets too hot:

• Drive out into the loose snow so that the belt drags cold snow with it, which cools down the engine.
• Put snow on the footboards for better cooling.
• Install an ice scraper that causes the snow to splash into the undercarriage. A screw on the inside behind the ski will do the same thing.

Here, the belt will drag cold snow with it, which cools down the engine.

Belt

Snowmobile belts come in a variety of different patterns. The belts have knobs/combs, usually with a height of 32 mm and upwards. A belt with a rough pattern and high lugs will provide better passability and braking, but will increase fuel consumption.

Snowmobile belts are made of rubber and will therefore be able to stretch during use. This can cause the drive wheels on the axle to jump over cams, you will hear this by the noise when you accelerate. It is therefore important that you check the belt for damage and wear, so that you can tighten it if necessary.

Newer snowmobiles are often equipped with non-slip wheels which mean that the drive wheel does not jump over bumps despite the belt having stretched. With such wheels, there is less need for re-tightening.

Belt with rough pattern.

3. The snowmobile

3.2 Wear parts

Wear parts

The snowmobile consists of several wearing parts that must be checked regularly. Here we will look at which parts make up the steering on a snowmobile, as well as the suspension and brakes.

You will receive training in checking these wearing parts in the practical part of the course.

You need to know how to check wear parts on your snowmobile.

Steering

As the driver of the snowmobile, it is your responsibility to check that the steering is in order. Preposition and a-arms must not be damaged. Steering rods and end links must be checked for slack. Worn handlebars result in poorer steering and directional stability. Guide rails are typically wear parts and must be replaced when they are worn out, you can do this yourself.

You will go through these parts in more detail in the practical part of the course.

Rules to remember regarding management:

• A typical sign that something is wrong is that the snowmobile is difficult to steer. Then you will often have to change the adjustment or replace a part. Slack between the steering wheel and steering ski will result in poorer heading stability. You can check this by lightly rubbing the snowmobile's steering skis and checking that the steering wheel moves.
• If you accelerate too hard, the skis will lift off the ground, when this happens it is the belt that controls the snowmobile.
• Together with the footboard and seat, the handlebars make up the pressure points on a snowmobile. It is therefore important to ensure optimal balance.
• When driving on hard ground, it is the outer ski that controls the snowmobile.
• It is heavier and more difficult to steer with a passenger or sled.

The guide rail affects how the snowmobile moves on the terrain.

Suspension

In order for driving to be as comfortable as possible, the springs must be adapted to the load the vehicle will be exposed to. On the vast majority of snowmobiles, you have the opportunity to adjust the springs, compression and rebound of the shock absorbers. Worn shock absorbers must be replaced or repaired. Check that the attachment is intact and that the shock absorbers are not leaking oil.

How to adjust the various parts may vary from snowmobile to snowmobile, so refer to the instruction manual that comes with the vehicle for the correct procedure.

The most common way is to loosen or tighten the spring by turning a block located in the undercarriage. Other snowmobiles may have their own systems where you can stiffen the damper by simply pressing a button. Snowmobiles that are built for two passengers and a comfortable ride often have extra suspension.

Brakes

Service brakes and parking brakes are a requirement for snowmobiles. The hand brake must withstand a pressure of 50 kp, while the foot brake must withstand a pressure of 100 kp. Full braking effect must be achieved before the brake lever or pedal has moved 2/3 of full travel. Checking the brakes is important. Just like on other vehicles, failure of the brakes could have major consequences.

Important when checking brakes:

• Check brake fluid level and brake cable. If the brake fluid level has dropped, there may be signs of a leak or that the brake lining is worn. Brake fluid should normally be changed after 2 to 3 years.
• Check that you achieve full braking effect before the brake lever is at 2/3 of full travel.
• Check brake linings regularly. If it is too worn, you will have reduced braking power and broken brake discs.

Some rules to remember when braking:

• Belt with coarse knobs provides better braking.
• A sled can quickly overturn or get thrown around when braking.
• Be careful with the brake. If the belt locks, the braking distance increases considerably.
• By doubling the speed, the braking distance quadruples.

Service brake system

Brakes used while driving.

Parking brake system

Brakes that should be able to keep the vehicle stationary, even on hills with a load.

kp

Kilopond is a term from physics. A pressure of 1 kilopond (kp) means in practice the same as the pressure from a 1 kg weight.

3. The snowmobile

3.3 Light

Light

There are a number of requirements for which lights you must have on a snowmobile. Which requirements apply depends on the size of the snowmobile. Low beam must be white or yellow. It is always mandatory to drive with lights on. Brake lights are not required on snowmobiles.

Snowmobiles with a width of more than 130 cm must have:

• Main beam - At least two lamps in front. They must illuminate at least 100 meters ahead.
• Low beam - Two front lamps. They must illuminate at least 40 meters ahead.
• Rear lights - At least two rear lights with red light.
• Reflector - Two or more red reflective devices at the rear. The purpose is to detect snowmobiles that are standing still with the engine switched off.
• Parking lights.

Snowmobile with a width of over 130 cm and two front lights.

Snowmobiles with a width of less than 130 cm must have:

• Main beam - One or two front lamps. Must illuminate at least 100 meters ahead.
• Low beam - One or two front lights. Must illuminate at least 40 meters ahead.
• Tail light - A rear light with a red light.
• Reflector - At least one red reflective device at the rear. The purpose is to detect snowmobiles that are standing still with the engine switched off.

It is the upper part of the lantern that is illuminated when the dipped beam is on.

3. The snowmobile

3.4 Seat, handle and trailer hitch

Seat, handle and trailer hitch

A snowmobile can be registered for one or two people. If it is registered for two, it should have been fitted with extra handles or hoops that the passenger can hold on to. Extra handles or hoops should be solid and attached to the sides at the back of the seat.

Trailer hitch

If the snowmobile has a trailer hitch/sled hook, you must check that it is intact and has no damage. Make sure the safety pin is intact, you may also want to use an extra safety link. Most sleds do not have an additional safety device that holds the sled in place if the tow hook breaks. It may be a good idea to make a simple device yourself that holds the sled firmly in case something happens. For example, you can use chain and carabiner hooks.

You can practice this in the practical part of the training.

3. The snowmobile

3.5 Electrical installation

Electrical installation

It is important that the electrical system on the snowmobile is sufficiently dimensioned, which means that there must be enough space for all cables and equipment. In order for the electrical system to withstand the load it is exposed to while driving, it is important that all cables are well insulated and fixed correctly.

Also make sure that the fuses are of the correct strength and that the battery has enough liquid and that the battery poles are free of corrosion. If a fuse blows again and again, this is a sign of a fault in the electrical system. The function of the fuse is to protect against short circuits or faults in the electrical system which can lead to major damage, in the worst case a fire.

Starting system and starting cord

Snowmobiles usually have an electric start with a magnetic key or a manual start with a cord.Without a cord, you depend on the battery to start. Therefore ensure regular maintenance and charging of the battery.

The starter cord must also be checked, check that it retracts automatically when you pull it.

In some cases, the starter rope can break, so it is important that you have an extra starter rope, rope, belt or similar that you can use if an emergency start becomes necessary. In case of emergency start, the strap is placed around the primary variator so that it is pulled into action. Feel free to try this in advance so that you are familiar with the procedure in case of an accident. Being stuck outside in nature in winter can be life-threatening.

Check the instruction manual for maintenance and replacement of parts on the electrical system.

4. Driving technique

4.0 Introduction

Introduction

In this chapter we will look at different driving techniques and sitting positions. You will learn about which techniques and sitting positions are suitable for different terrain, challenges in judging speed and distance, as well as driving in the dark and with poor visibility.

At the end of the chapter you will find a summary and control tasks.

This chapter is about:

• 4.1 Driving position
• 4.2 Varied terrain
• 4.3 Driving in the dark and poor visibility
• 4.4 Driving style
• 4.5 Speed ​​and distance
• 4.6 Summary and control tasks

4. Driving technique

4.1 Driving position

Driving position

When driving a snowmobile you will have to switch between sitting and standing to ensure good balance, steering, weight transfer and control. Regardless of the driving position, you must always keep both hands on the handlebars.

Try to maintain a slight bend in the hips and knees so that they act as suspension for the rest of the body. Shift your body weight between footboards, handlebars and seat for better balance and control. The steering skis make steering easier, but just as often, weight transfer, correct throttle and driving position are just as important when steering. A good tip is to always look far ahead and plan your journey. When stopping or slowing down, there is always a risk of getting stuck.

The driving position depends on the terrain you are driving in. If you drive, for example, on sloping and uneven terrain, you have to move from side to side to balance the snowmobile. If you're driving uphill, it's a good idea to stand, then you'll get a better overview while also ensuring the correct weight transfer. On downhill slopes, you want as much pressure as possible on the belt, so you should sit far back on the snowmobile. If you are driving on flat and level terrain, it is most appropriate to sit.

Kneeling

When driving on sloping and uneven terrain, it will in most cases be advisable to drive in a kneeling position. This will help you maintain your balance and proper center of gravity. Place one foot on the footboard and one knee on the seat, always shifting your body weight towards the ground.

If you drive in loose snow, you can use gas and body weight to lift the skis, so you will be able to ensure that the snowmobile is in balance. In case of uneven terrain, you should practice changing sides when kneeling. The danger with the kneeling position is that you get a higher center of gravity and more weight on your hands. This increases the risk of overturning.

Please note that on sloping terrain the snowmobile has limited steering properties.

Standing to one side

In sloping terrain, it will be appropriate to stand with both feet on the footboard that is towards the ground. In this way, you make it easier to steer the snowmobile and get better balance. Remember both hands on the handlebars.

When you stand with both legs on the same footboard, there is a great danger of losing your footing from the slippery and wet footboard. If you lose your footing, it is easy to get your foot into the rotating belt. On some snowmobiles, you will be able to find a steering strap that you can hold on to, and which counteracts the force of gravity on sloping terrain.

This is a demanding position to drive in, so only select it if absolutely necessary. Focus on looking far ahead and plan where you will drive. If the speed is too low, there is a greater chance that you will get stuck and stop.

Driving on sloping terrain with both legs on the footboard which is towards the ground.

Driving in bends and on sloping terrain

In a turn, you should always have your body weight towards the inside of the turn to avoid tipping over. On hard ground, it is the outer ski that steers the snowmobile. Here you have to be aware that the inner ski can lift, this increases the risk of tipping considerably.

On loose ground, you must have weight transfer to the inner ski, and tip the snowmobile inwards in the turn. Be careful that the outer ski can go through loose snow and that this can cause you to lose control and the snowmobile to overturn.

Pressure point

When you drive a snowmobile, you have three pressure points: Footboard, handlebars and seat. By moving your body weight between these three, you achieve optimal balance. It is also possible to move the legs on the footboard.

The driver leans into the inner corner to avoid overturning.

Driving technique

4. Driving technique

4.2 Varied terrain

Varied terrain

Driving up and down hills with a snowmobile is challenging. You must be able to read and assess the terrain and the road, while at the same time you must have enough control and the skills needed to drive safely. If the hill is not too steep, it will be best to drive straight up or down. Correct driving position and weight transfer are important to get safely up and down hills.

We will now look at driving technique on different slopes and in sloping terrain.

Driving up hills

When driving up a hill, it is often a good idea to either stand or kneel, while getting your body weight over the handlebars and forward. In this way, you get as much weight as possible in the direction of travel. Standing also gives you a better overview of your surroundings.

It is also important to be able to adapt the speed. At too high a speed, the belt will spin and you risk getting stuck. If the speed is too low, you will lose speed and risk not getting up the hill. If you spin you should let off the gas while shifting your body weight backwards. Then you will be able to get better progress and grip.

If the hill is too steep to drive straight up, you must drive at an angle. There is always a risk associated with driving on steep slopes, so always have a plan B if things go wrong.

Driving down hills

When going down a hill, it will be appropriate to sit far back on the seat so that your body weight comes to the back of the snowmobile. Keep both hands on the handlebars and have a low center of gravity, then you get the right weight transfer.

Furthermore, you should always start at low speed, since the belt has a lower braking effect on downhill slopes. By giving a little gas, the variator belt will engage in the variator so that the engine brake is activated. For even better braking effect, you can also turn the skis a little.

If necessary, you can pump the brake in intervals to gain control of the scooter. Here you have to be very careful. If the belt locks during braking, you will have a longer braking distance and the risk of skidding, accumulation of loose snow and snow planing. In such cases, the risk of overturning is great.

Streams, rivers and ice

If you are going to cross a stream or river, you must always stop and check whether the water is actually frozen over. At first glance it may look safe, but under, for example, snow, there may be running water or unsafe ice that is dangerous to drive over.

Rules to remember for crossing frozen water:

• Steer clear of places where rivers enter or flow out.
• Always check the ice thickness with an ice auger or pick.
• Look for accidents.
• If you have extra passengers, you must always ensure that they can get off the snowmobile or sledge quickly and safely.
• The Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate has an ice warning service available at www.nve.no

Råk

Opening in ice on water.

4. Driving technique

4.3 Driving in the dark and poor visibility

Driving in the dark and poor visibility

When driving in the dark or with poor visibility, it is important to take certain precautions.

Here we will go through how to drive in poor visibility, driving in the dark, what to do if you get stuck, as well as snowmobile recovery.

Switch from high beam to low beam when the distance between the snowmobiles is about 200 metres.

Poor visibility

The number one rule when visibility is poor is to slow down. Bad weather or difficult lighting conditions can cause poor visibility. Sometimes the lighting conditions can cause the terrain to disappear completely and everything goes white, this is called a whiteout or flat light. In really bad weather, you risk not being able to see further than the windscreen on the snowmobile.

The light on a snowmobile is often poor in relation to the speed you can achieve, as well as for illuminating the rough terrain around you. This increases the risk of an accident or injury, especially in the dark. If necessary, you must first get on your feet to check whether it is safe to drive where you have intended.

If visibility is poor, you must slow down.

Whiteout

Lighting conditions make terrain formations disappear and everything looks like a white carpet.

Driving in the dark

Most snowmobile accidents happen in the afternoon or evening after dark. One explanation for this is the snowmobile's poor lighting. Most snowmobiles only have one headlight. This results in a short term and increased risk.

Here is a list of common snowmobile accidents:

• Collisions with bumps or uneven terrain that are difficult to spot.
• Collision with barriers or fences.
• Driving in open ruts or ice crevasses.
• Driving down cliffs or snow shovels.

You will not be able to see a skier without reflectors at a distance of more than 30-40 metres.

Get stuck

If you drive a snowmobile, sooner or later you will get stuck. Here we will go through some rules to remember and tips you can use to get out of the way:

• Always have a shovel and strap with you on your trip.
• Check how loose the snow is and how deep the snowmobile has dug in.
• Trample the snow around the snowmobile. The surface will thus become harder and the belt will have a better grip.
• Use a shovel to shovel away the snow along the sides under the snowmobile.
• Pull the snowmobile to the side using the skis.
• Another way to loosen the snowmobile is to rock it side to side.
• Lift up the back of the scooter and place it to the side of where it has stuck/buried itself. One person pulls the ski in full swing, while another steers and throttles gently.
• If you are stuck uphill, you should try to turn the snowmobile around.

A spade will be useful here.

Salvage

Engine stalling or starting problems can present major challenges considering that you are often far out in nature. It can be difficult to transport the snowmobile back to the workshop. If you want to tow the snowmobile, you must do the following:

• The variator belt must be removed, so that the snowmobile to be towed does not remain in gear and brakes.
• Place the rope behind the front frame, then through the hoops on both guide skis from outside to inside.
• Gather the ends of the ropes in the hook of the snowmobile that is to go. Make sure there is enough distance between the snowmobiles.
• The rope must be able to run freely, except for the loops in the hook of the snowmobile in front.

If you use this method, the snowmobile will control itself, and you will thus avoid having someone sit and control the snowmobile being towed.

If you brake a little too hard or stop suddenly, there is a possibility that the snowmobile behind will catch up with you.

If you are going to transport the snowmobile on a sled, it is advisable to place the snowmobile so that the engine is at the back of the sled. This gives you an even center of gravity and good pressure on the sled hook. If you don't get enough pressure, the moving snowmobile will be too light at the back, and thus struggle to get forward.

Equipment for towing snowmobiles.

4. Driving technique

4.4 Driving style

Driving style

Here we will look at driving styles in different terrain, as well as how you should drive with a passenger or loaded sled.

Driving with a passenger

Here is a list of things you should remember before and while driving with a passenger on a snowmobile:

• Check the vehicle license to see if the snowmobile is approved for extra passengers.
• With an additional passenger, you must be aware that the center of gravity and the balance change. You have to drive slower to have enough control.
• It is more difficult to steer when you have a passenger with you. It is important that the passenger sits close to the driver and follows the movements.
• If you drive with children in a closed sled, you must be aware of the danger of exhaust inside the sled.
• Radio communication can be an advantage if you are driving with a passenger.

Driving with a loaded sled

Requirements for load securing on snowmobiles are the same as for load securing in general. The load must be secured so that it cannot fall off or move. There are no weight restrictions for the sled, but be careful not to overdo it. The load and fuse must withstand the following load:

• Forward in the direction of travel: 100% of the goods' weight.
• Lateral direction: 50% of the weight of the goods.
• Backward: 50% of the goods' weight.

When you drive with a sled, accessibility becomes worse as the snowmobile becomes heavier. It is easier to get stuck, at the same time that, for example, the variator belt wears out more. As a result of the changed center of gravity, it is also more difficult to brake in turns and downhills.

You should place the load in the middle of the sled, this way you ensure the correct center of gravity over the skis and the best possible stability.

This is how you should drive with a loaded sled:

• Try to avoid forests, drive as much as possible in open terrain.
• Avoid sloping terrain and sharp turns to reduce the risk of tipping over or getting stuck.
• If you are going up a hill, you can first make tracks by driving up and down without the sled.
• On a downhill slope, the sled will push you down. When braking, it is easy for the sled to skid and overturn. It may be a good idea to take some of the load off and make several trips. An emergency solution can be to fasten chains around the mowers, this will slow down the sled.

Make sure the load is secured well enough.

Mountain peaks and snow shovels

When the wind blows over a mountain peak or ridge, snow can accumulate, forming a snowdrift. These are often very unstable and difficult to see. Because of this, you should never drive all the way to the top of a mountain. It is incredibly difficult to distinguish between the actual mountain peak and the snow shovel. It is also difficult to assess the stability and how far out the snow shovel goes.

Map information

By reading maps of the area you are in, you can get an overview of where there may be an extra high risk of avalanches. Most avalanches are triggered on slopes with an angle between 35 and 45 degrees, the greatest risk is on slopes of 38 degrees.

The reason for this is that on slopes with this angle the snow accumulates very easily.

On a hiking map, you will find height curves drawn on. The closer these elevation curves are to each other, the steeper the terrain.

The three times rule

If you are 300 meters below the top of a mountain, you must be 900 meters from the top to be safe if there is an avalanche. This is called the rule of three times.

Snow shovels are very unstable and difficult to spot.

Avalanche

An avalanche occurs when the upper snow layers become greater than the binding force between the different snow layers. They can be triggered naturally or by humans. If you drive in an area with steep slopes and slopes, it takes little to trigger an avalanche.

Flak avalanches are avalanches that consist of densely packed snow. These are the most dangerous and largest, and account for around 90% of avalanche-related deaths.

Loose snow avalanches consist of looser snow that forms what may look like a cloud of white powder. A loose snow avalanche can move at up to 300 km/h, and can even move uphill.

Here are some signs of avalanche danger:

• If you hear a thud in the snow, there may be danger on the way. This crash occurs because the weaker layers of the snow collapse and push the air out.
• If it snows or winds strongly, or the temperature rises sharply, the risk of avalanches will increase. You should also be aware if there has just been an avalanche.
• To reduce the risk, it is wise to always travel with others on a trip, take care and keep a sufficient distance from each other. Always carry a spade, finder and search rod. When excavating a person caught in an avalanche, you must always start the excavation below the person caught in the avalanche. This is how you avoid compressing snow over the avalanche victim's air pocket.

Here, searches are carried out with a search bar.

4. Driving technique

4.5 Speed ​​and distance

Speed ​​and distance

Perceiving the correct speed and distance in traffic is often a challenge.

In this chapter, we will take a closer look at what the legislation says about braking distance, inattention time, reaction time and light use.

Surveys show that 100 meters is perceived as 115 meters, while 200 meters is perceived as 280 meters. When driving a snowmobile there will often be rough and unclear terrain which can make it even more difficult to perceive the correct speed and distance.

When you drive at 50 km/h, you move approx. 14 meters per second. To calculate how many meters you travel per second, you must divide the number of kilometers per hour by 3.6 (since there are 3600 seconds in an hour).

At a distance of 50 meters or more, it is not possible to determine whether a snowmobile coming straight at you is traveling at 30 km/h or 80 km/h. In addition, a snowmobile is quite small, so it can appear further away than it really is.

It is difficult to determine the speed of an oncoming snowmobile.

If the speed is doubled, the braking distance is quadrupled. If you have to stop quickly, this could cause problems. You will soon discover that factors such as the substrate and physical laws are of great importance. Speed ​​is associated with risk. If you keep a higher speed than the weather, the road and your experience dictate, the risk of injuries and accidents increases considerably.

Just like in traffic, you must also keep the correct speed when driving a snowmobile and do not drive over the speed limit. Here are some speed limits you need to know:

• The upper speed limit on terrain is 70 km/h.
• If you drive with a sled, the speed limit is 60 km/h.
• With passengers on the sled, the speed limit is 40 km/h.
• If you drive on public roads, the speed limit is 30 km/h.

Please note that you can also be penalized for following the speed limit. The most important rule about speed is that you must adjust your speed to the conditions. It can therefore be a criminal offense to follow the speed limit if you do not take sufficient account of location, road, visibility and other traffic conditions.

If you drive on public roads, the speed limit is 30 km/h.

Brake length

The speed has a big impact on the braking distance. The braking distance increases with the square of the speed. I.e:

• If the speed is doubled, the braking distance will quadruple.
• If the speed is tripled, the braking distance will be nine times longer.
• If the speed is halved, the braking distance will be four times shorter.

The age of inattention

The time of inattention is the time it takes from a situation being possible to detect until you sense it.

The inattention length is the number of meters you travel during the inattention time. It is important to get this length as short as possible, so you must be concentrated and aware of your surroundings when driving. Long periods of inattention increase the chance of an accident or injury.

The reaction time

The reaction time is the time you spend sensing, perceiving and deciding. This normally takes between 0.5 - 3 seconds. Reaction length is how many meters it takes before you perceive a dangerous situation until you start to brake. The time it takes from when you act until the action is finished constitutes the braking distance. The length of time it takes from the time you start to brake until you stop is called the braking distance.

When driving a snowmobile, it is important to pay extra close attention to the road ahead. It is often slippery and the friction between the ground and the belt could affect the vehicle.

When driving on a track with other traffic, it is important to always look behind you before braking. The brake light on the snowmobile is often covered by snow. To signal braking, you can hold out an arm in the air.

Reaction time is affected by the driver's experience, vigilance and maturity.

Light use

The main rule is that you should drive as much as possible with high beam, this illuminates approx. 100 meters.

In the following situations, you must switch to dipped beam:

• 60 to 100 meters before you meet skiers or others on foot.
• 200 meters before you meet another snowmobile.
• 100 meters before you catch up with a snowmobile in front of you. This is how you avoid dazzling those in front of you.

You keep the most stable course possible by looking far ahead in the direction you are going. Avoid looking directly at the lights of oncoming snowmobiles or other traffic.

If you drive past someone, you must switch to high beam a few meters before you pass the person in front.

If you are overtaken, switch off the high beams when the person is a few meters in front of you.

5. Security

5.0 Introduction

Introduction

The training means that you will learn about and understand the risks and challenges of traveling out in nature. You must have knowledge and the ability to prevent injuries and accidents, as well as be able to look after yourself and others.

This chapter is about:

• 5.1 Planning and preparations
• 5.2 Map, compass and GPS
• 5.3 Safety equipment
• 5.4 Duties and measures in the event of accidents
• 5.5 Damages
• 5.6 Summary and control tasks

5. Security

5.1 Planning and preparations

Planning and preparations

The curriculum states that you must have an understanding of the risks and challenges of driving a snowmobile out in nature.

You must be able to prevent injuries and accidents, as well as be able to take care of yourself and others in the event of an accident.

We will now look at the mountain weather rules, what you have to think about when planning your snowmobile trip, as well as the use of an avalanche bag.

The mountain laws

The curriculum states that you must know the rules of mountain law. These should enable you to plan and make good preparations before the trip.

• Plan your trip and report where you are going.
• Adapt the tour according to ability and conditions.
• Pay attention to weather and avalanche warnings.
• Be prepared for storms and cold, even on short trips.
• Bring the necessary equipment to be able to help yourself and others.
• Make safe road choices. Learn the characteristics of avalanche-prone terrain and unsafe ice.
• Use a map and compass. Always know where you are.
• Turn in time, there is no shame in turning.
• Conserve your strength and seek shelter if necessary.

Planning the trip

It is necessary to plan the trip well in advance.

Below is a list of things you should have thought about before you set off on your trip:

• Have the driving route ready in advance, as well as approx. travel time.
• Research what you need in terms of food, drink, extra clothes and other equipment.
• Freeze-dried food is a good alternative. It takes a short time to prepare and contains a lot of energy.
• Lack of fluids can make you inattentive. Coffee and tea are diuretics and drain your body of more than it supplies. The best thing is to drink water.
• Check the weather forecast.
• Carry spare parts in case of engine failure.
• Always let us know where you are going.

Avalanche bag

Avalanche backpack is a backpack with balloons that can be released in case you are caught in an avalanche. By pulling a trigger mechanism, the balloons are released. The balloons will help keep you on the surface of the avalanche and reduce the risk of being buried.

It is important to remember that an avalanche bag does not eliminate the danger of avalanches, it only acts as an additional aid. There are several examples of accidents where people have been buried in avalanches despite using avalanche sacks.

Here you see a skier who has released the balloon on the avalanche bag.

5. Security

5.2 Map, compass and GPS

Map, compass and GPS

As part of the training, you will learn to orient yourself using a map, compass and GPS. We will now go through how to use these aids. This is also an important part of the practical training.

A map is a reduced and simplified drawing of an area. On the map you will find so-called map signs, these are symbols that describe the terrain.

Varsom.no is a national avalanche warning service developed by the Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate. In the period 1 December to 31 May, they publish daily avalanche warnings from 21 regions. Here you can check avalanche danger and any ice warnings in your area.

It is also important to check the weather forecast. The weather can change quickly, so be prepared for different types of weather. Check what the temperature is, whether storms are forecast and whether there is a risk of avalanches.

Compass

There are two types of compass: plate compass and mirror compass.

A plate compass consists of a plate with a compass housing on it. This type is easy to handle and all it does is point you in the right direction. The compass housing can be turned around, and inside the compass housing, straight lines run next to each other called streets. Avoid the compass being affected by magnetic objects. The compass arrow is very sensitive to magnetism and if you have a magnetic object nearby, the compass can become unreadable.

The mirror compass has an extra box that you close the compass plate into, with a mirror on the inside. This is slightly larger and more cumbersome to use than a plate compass, but in return you will be able to get a completely accurate compass heading to a landmark using the mirror. To achieve this, aim at the landmark with the notch at the top of the mirror. Then turn the compass housing so that the needle is in the middle of the street. You will now have an exact course towards the landmark.

Ordinary plate compass that is easy to handle, but unlike a mirror compass, will not show an accurate compass course.

Procedure for finding compass heading:

• Place the map on a flat surface.
• Turn the map so that north on the map matches north on the compass needle.
• Place the edge of one of the long sides of the compass plate between where you are and where you are going.
• Turn the compass housing so that the lines in the compass housing run completely parallel to the blue north lines on the map.
• Turn the compass housing so that the arrow in the street points north, then place the compass so that the north arrow is positioned in the middle of the arrow in the street.
• On the front of the compass plate there are one or more arrows pointing straight ahead. This is the walking arrow that you must follow when the compass needle is right in the street.

Procedure for finding compass bearing:

• Place the map on a flat surface.
• Turn the map so that north on the map matches the north arrow in the compass.
• Place the edge of the compass housing from where you are to where you are going.
• Turn the compass housing so that the lines in the compass housing run completely parallel to the north lines on the map.
• Put the north arrow into the street.
• The walking arrow now shows you the direction you should go.

GPS

GPS is a navigation system that covers the entire globe. It consists of a number of satellites that send out signals to a GPS receiver. With a GPS receiver, you can read your position and plot the desired route or destination.

A GPS will be able to remember where you have driven, you can save positions or tracks you have driven in. It can also show you the road, average speed, distance traveled and much more. If you are out driving in bad weather and there is almost no visibility, you can plot positions on the GPS in advance, this can increase safety when driving.

A GPS should still only be used as an additional aid and not to replace a map and compass. A GPS is battery powered and can quickly fail in cold conditions. In dense forest or near steep mountain sides, it can also be difficult to make contact with the satellites.

The same applies to mobile phones. It can be a good aid on a trip, but it can also run out of power, you can be in an area without coverage, or the phone can stop working if it is exposed to moisture or cold.

5. Security

5.3 Safety equipment

Safety equipment

You must be prepared in the event of an injury or accident. Part of the preparations means that you have the safety equipment you need with you.

Here is a list of things you should bring:

• GPS, map and compass
• Paper and pencil
• Sunglasses and sunscreen
• Extra clothes
• Match or lighter
• Flashlight or headlamp
• Windbag
• Knife
• Spade and search rod
• First aid
• Reflective vest
• Emergency rocket

Search rod used to search for avalanche victims.

5. Security

5.4 Duties and measures in the event of accidents

Duties and measures in the event of accidents

As a snowmobile driver, you are considered a road user. As a road user, you are obliged to stop and help if an accident occurs.

Section 12 of the Road Traffic Act states that:

Anyone who, with or without fault, is involved in a traffic accident must immediately stop and help injured persons and animals, and otherwise participate in the measures that give rise to the accident. This duty also has, if necessary, others who are nearby or who come to the place.

The law imposes on us stoppage and assistance rights, a duty to notify, a duty to relocate and a duty to provide information.

Your knowledge and that of those you are traveling with is absolutely essential to being able to help if someone gets sick or is injured. Help will often be far away, and it can take a long time to transport someone to a doctor or hospital. You and the traveling party must be confident that you have the necessary skills.

Secure the scene of damage

It is important to secure the site of the injury, both for your own safety and that of others. This includes, among other things, the following:

• Check if you are in an avalanche area.
• Switch on the hazard warning lights.
• Put on a reflective vest.
• Turn off the vehicle ignition to prevent fire or explosion.
• Securing vehicles that may overturn.

Take command

Take command and get an overview of the situation, delegate tasks if there are more people present.

Emergency information

Notify the emergency services as early as possible. Tell what has happened, the number of injured, the types of damage involved and where the accident has occurred, for example by place name, reference point or information from GPS or map.

When securing the scene of damage, you must put on a reflective vest.

First aid

The purpose of first aid is to maintain vital functions such as breathing, free airways and blood circulation, as well as preventing the worsening of injuries and relieving pain.

Free Airways

One of the first things you must do is check your breathing and open the airways if needed. If the person is lying down, you must lift the head up into a neutral position and lift the lower jaw forward.

Here is a list of signs that a person is not getting enough oxygen:

• The chest does not move.
• Breathing is uneven, or has no palpable breath sounds.
• Rapid pulse and pale complexion
• Blue skin color on the face.
• Low breathing rate.

Correctly performed first aid can be the difference between life and death.

Remove the helmet

An unconscious or injured person can quickly choke on their own blood or vomit with the helmet on.

• Open the visor if possible so that the person can get fresh air.
• Loosen the chinstrap.
• Carefully pull off the helmet. If there are several people present, one person can support the back of the injured person's head, while the other carefully removes the helmet. Use both hands and extend the helmet as much as possible.
• Place the person in a stable side position.

Be extremely careful when removing the helmet from an injured person.

CPR

If the person is so badly injured that he is no longer breathing, cardiac compressions and air inhalation are necessary. The method goes by the name 30 + 2 and means that you should have 30 heart compressions followed by 2 air breaths.

Stop visible bleeding

External bleeding can be stopped by pressing against the wound and holding the bleeding site high. Use a compress, bandage, a piece of cloth or your hand if necessary.

Internal bleeding will be difficult to stop. Symptoms of internal bleeding are pale, cold and clammy skin, rapid breathing or abdominal pain. To prevent further injuries, the person can be placed on something flat with the legs raised.

The zero vision

Every year, a large number of people are injured and killed in traffic. The development has been positive in recent years and reached a record low of 95 traffic fatalities in 2020, which is the lowest number since 1950.

In order to minimize the number of serious accidents, the authorities have set a goal for road safety work: "Zero killed and zero permanently injured" - the so-called "zero vision"

In 1970, the number of people killed in traffic was 560, while in 2020 it was down to 95.

In the same time period, traffic has increased tremendously, so when the number of fatalities is measured against the total number of kilometers travelled, the development is positive, but there is still much that can be done to reduce the number of fatal accidents.

Statistics on snowmobile accidents in Norway are insufficient. Since many of the accidents do not occur in road traffic, Statistics Norway or the National Road Administration do not keep their own statistics for snowmobile accidents. A count made by an insurance company in Northern Norway shows that 38 people died in snowmobile accidents in Troms, Finnmark and Svalbard in the period 2000 - 2015.

5. Security

5.5 Damages

Damage

The curriculum states that during the training you must acquire the skills and knowledge you need to survive out in nature. You must know what to do in situations such as engine stoppage, bad weather, accidents, injury and illness.

Here we will look at cooling down and frostbite.

Cooling down

To avoid hypothermia, it is important to wear the right clothes. What you wear should protect against heat loss and cold. Your body has several areas that regulate body heat, the most important part being the head. As mentioned earlier, it is important to cover areas where the pulse runs, i.e. the neck, neck, wrists and ankles.

If the body cools down, your muscles will stiffen, this in turn will cause you to become unfocused and have poorer reaction ability. The risk of injuries and accidents will increase.

Hypothermia can lead to life-threatening situations. The cause of hypothermia is usually poor clothing. Symptoms of hypothermia can be:

• Pale skin.
• Trembling.
• Slurred speech.
• Reduced balance and coordination.
• Reduced physical and mental abilities.

To prevent hypothermia, it is important to stock up on hot food and drink, keep moving and always wear dry and warm clothes. Also be aware that you get milder frostbite when you have a blood alcohol level. When you drink alcohol, the blood vessels dilate, which causes the body to lose heat more quickly.

The head is the most important body part for regulating body heat. Cover yourself well.

Frost damage

There are two types of frostbite, superficial and deep. It can be easy to think that frostbite only occurs at very low temperatures, but it can already occur at temperatures around zero degrees. Moderate cold combined with strong wind and humidity is often more dangerous than severe cold and windless conditions. Wind and humidity increase heat loss significantly. Frostbite can also occur without you noticing.

Superficial frostbite

Superficial frostbite occurs in the upper part of the skin. Exposed parts of the body are feet, hands, ears and nose. If you have suffered a superficial frostbite, you are more susceptible to further frostbite later.

Symptoms of superficial frostbite can be white skin, tingling, pain or reduced sensation in the skin. It is important to start treatment as soon as possible. The most effective thing is to warm up the frozen area, preferably by placing it next to other warm skin, either on yourself or others who are present. Heat the skin until it regains its normal colour, texture and feel.

If you have the opportunity, you should get indoors and apply lukewarm water. Frostbite is damage to skin tissue and should always be treated carefully. Therefore, you should not create heat by rubbing or applying hot water.

Superficial frostbite occurs in the upper part of the skin.

Deep frostbite

Deep frostbite occurs in the subcutaneous tissue, bone tissue and muscles. Deep frostbite is serious and can, in the worst case, lead to amputation.

Symptoms of deep frostbite are numb and hard skin, as well as swelling and frozen skin. In case of deep frostbite, it is important to avoid further cooling of the body, so wrap the injured person in warm clothes. Drink something warm if possible.

6. Legislation

6.0 Introduction

Introduction

In this chapter, we will look at current legislation when it comes to snowmobiling. We will also look at the requirements for careful driving, snowmobile trails and how to avoid damage in the terrain.

At the end of the chapter you will find a summary and control tasks.

This chapter is about:

• 6.1 Laws
• 6.2 Damage to the terrain
• 6.3 Snowmobile trails
• 6.4 Summary and control tasks

6. Legislation

6.1 Laws

The legislation

The legislation sets strict requirements for the use of snowmobiles. There is a focus on taking the society around you into account, protecting the natural environment and promoting well-being.

When you drive a snowmobile, you have a responsibility to take into account other people, wildlife, nature and the environment.

There are many restrictions on the use of snowmobiles, and great emphasis is placed on environmental considerations. You must therefore be familiar with the laws and regulations that regulate this.

Main principle from the regulations:

• Motor traffic must be regulated to protect the natural environment and promote well-being.
• Motor traffic in outlying areas is basically prohibited. Laws and regulations provide exceptions to this prohibition.
• The municipality has the option of granting a dispensation from the ban. For example, for trails that are used for passenger transport to areas with alpine skiing. Or driving on a lake less than two square kilometers.
• The municipality must report municipal snowmobile trails to a national database.
• Motor traffic requires the landowner's permission.
• All motor traffic must proceed carefully.
• Finnmark and Nord Troms have a separate provision in the regulations that prohibits snowmobile driving from 5 May to 30 June.
• Public roads that are not plowed in winter can be used by permanent residents in the area in connection with the necessary transport of people and goods.
• Contains requirements for commercial driving with snowmobiles. Commercial driving involves rental driving and transport by snowmobile. For example, transport of goods and equipment between the road and the cabin, or supervision of private cabins. Applications for commercial driving must be submitted and approved by the municipality.

The Road Traffic Act

The Road Traffic Act applies to all traffic by motor vehicle. It also applies to other traffic, but then only on roads or in areas with normal motor vehicle traffic.

Section 3 of the Road Traffic Act Basic rules for traffic state:

Everyone must travel with consideration and be alert and careful so that no danger can arise or damage be caused and so that other traffic is not unnecessarily obstructed or disturbed. Road users must also show consideration for those who live or stay by the road.

Section 6 of the Road Traffic Act Basic rules for traffic state:

You must adjust your speed according to the location, road, visibility and traffic conditions so that no danger can arise or cause inconvenience to others, and so that other traffic is prevented or disturbed as little as possible. The driver must always have full control of the vehicle.

The Road Traffic Act regulates, among other things:

• Traffic in traffic.
• Divorced.
• Speed ​​limits.
• Driving license and practice driving.
• Traffic education.

You must be able to stop on the stretch of road you have an overview of, and in front of any foreseeable obstacle, for example a skier.

The Natural Diversity Act

The purpose of the Natural Diversity Act is to take care of nature. It must ensure the biological, landscape and geological diversity and ecological processes. It must ensure sustainable use and protection, and facilitate human activities both now and in the future.

The Natural Diversity Act regulates, among other things:

• Section 6 requires everyone to act carefully and do what is reasonable to avoid damage to natural diversity.
• Section 22 regulates traffic in the countryside to prevent damage or inconvenience to plants or animals.
• Section 44 requires the announcement of conservation decisions.
• Chapter 5 of the Act regulates area protection.

The Game Act and the Weapons Act

The purpose of the Wildlife Act is that wild animals and their habitats must be managed in accordance with the Natural Diversity Act. Nature's productivity and species richness must be preserved. This means that you should not, for example, put animals at risk with your driving. It is also not allowed to hunt with snowmobiles.

The Weapons Act states that weapons must be emptied of ammunition during transport. It must also be covered and secured against it falling off or going astray.

You have to drive very carefully here.

The Open Air Act

The purpose of the Outdoor Activities Act is to protect the natural basis of outdoor life and to ensure the public's right to travel and stay in nature. The opportunity to practice outdoor life as a health-promoting, well-being-creating and environmentally friendly leisure activity must be preserved and promoted.

The Outdoor Activities Act regulates, among other things:

• Defines infield and outfield.
• Regulates the relationship between the landowner and the general public.
• The municipality has the option of granting a dispensation from the ban.
• Allemannsretten is part of the Open Air Act.

According to Section 9 of the Outdoor Activities Act, tents must be placed at least 150 meters from a cabin or inhabited house.

The common law

Allemannsretten gives us the opportunity to experience and use the nature around us as long as we take into account the landowner, other people nearby, as well as plants and animals.

It states that:

In the countryside, anyone can travel on foot all year round, as long as it is done considerately and with due caution.

The right of way therefore applies to the right of pedestrians and cyclists to travel on other people's property, under certain conditions. The law therefore does not apply when traveling with a motorized vehicle.

The law also distinguishes between outfield and inland. Please note that roads in outlying areas that have not been prepared or plowed for driving by car are considered outlying roads.

Outfield:

• Most of the coast
• Marsh areas
• Forest
• Mountain

Infield:

• Field and meadow
• Cultivated pasture
• Garden and courtyards
• House plots and industrial land

6. Legislation

6.2 Damage to the terrain

Damage to the terrain

You must always adapt your driving to others in nature. This means, among other things, that you must:

• Take extra care in areas with bare ground, plants or little snow. Driving is usually prohibited in such areas, with certain exceptions such as the police, ambulance, rescue service and public postal and telecommunications services.
• Be responsible in relation to animals.
• Drive environmentally friendly with the least possible emissions and noise.
• Be considerate of others who are out in nature.
• Familiarize yourself with local conservation plans, laws and regulations.

Take extra care in areas with bare ground.

Contamination

Today's snowmobiles must meet high requirements for noise and emissions. With a four-stroke engine, which most snowmobiles have, you don't have to mix oil in the petrol yourself, and it is also more environmentally friendly than a two-stroke engine.

Noise

Noise from snowmobiles can be a nuisance for both people and animals. The first snowmobiles that were produced made a lot of noise, so laws and regulations were quickly put in place to regulate this. Today, the sound level has been reduced considerably, but there are still many who believe that snowmobiling disturbs the outdoors and wildlife. Noise from snowmobiles must not exceed 85 dB.

Ice fire

Ice fire is something that typically occurs in the spring. This happens because the snow is packed together when you drive over it, which causes the frost on the ground to go deeper. This prevents the vegetation from taking up nutrients and oxygen via the roots, which in turn causes the vegetation to die. To avoid this, it is very important to drive carefully in the spring.

Ice fires can quickly occur here.

6. Legislation

6.3 Snowmobile trails

Where can you ride a snowmobile?

It is forbidden to drive snowmobiles along public roads in Norway. The exception is when crossing a public road in the shortest possible distance, or when crossing the road is the only option due to the terrain. In such situations, you must stop the snowmobile before crossing, and you also have a duty to give way to road users who are on the road. The regional road office or the police also have the option to allow driving on public roads in certain cases or periods of time.

All off-road driving must have a valid disposition or permit. In some places general permits are given, otherwise there are great variations around the country when it comes to snowmobile trails and the possibility of snowmobiling. If your driving requires a special permit for some reason, you must bring documents that confirm this.

Often, a dispensation will also be given for commercial driving, this can be in connection with forest and reindeer husbandry, the transport of material or the construction of a cabin.

If the snowmobile driver operates professional transport, the provision on compulsory abstinence applies. This means that professional drivers must not consume alcohol or other intoxicating substances during duty or the last 8 hours before duty begins. You are also not allowed to drink alcohol or use other drugs 6 hours after driving if there may be a police investigation due to the driving.

Commercial driving in connection with reindeer herding.

Snowmobile trails

The following rules apply to snowmobile trails:

• Snowmobile trails must be approved and determined by the municipality.
• Snowmobile trails must be clearly marked. Two crossed dots mark dangerous conditions on the trail.
• Snowmobile trails can also be used by skiers.
• Snowmobile tracks cannot be laid in protected areas, proposed protected areas, national wild reindeer areas or where the tracks will require intervention in the terrain.
• The general rule for resting is that it is permitted up to 30 meters outside the trail, with the exception of Nord-Troms and Finnmark where permission can be granted to rest/park up to 300 meters outside each side of the trail network.

Finnmark, Nord-Troms and Svalbard

In Finnmark and the six northernmost municipalities, there are around 6,000 km of snowmobile trails. You can find these on the municipalities' websites. You have the opportunity to drive up to 300 meters from the track in connection with, for example, fishing or camping.

In Svalbard, it is legal to drive a snowmobile almost everywhere if you have a dispensation.

Ice fishing trails

Ice fishing trails have been established in some parts of the country. The purpose of these is to facilitate access to remote fishing waters.

The authorities can close approved snowmobile trails if plant life and wildlife are threatened.

7. Signs

7.0 Introduction

Chapter 7: Sign overview

The signs are divided as follows:

• 7.1 Danger signs
• 7.2 Obligation to yield and right-of-way signs
• 7.3 Prohibition signs
• 7.4 Mandatory signs
• 7.5 Information sign
• 7.6 Service plate
• 7.7 Road signs
• 7.8 Sub-sign
• 7.9 Marking signs

7. Signs

7.1 Danger signs (1/6)

Danger sign

100 Dangerous turn

This sign is used to warn of a dangerous right turn. The sign can also be found with the arrow on the left. A bend is considered dangerous when road users have to make sudden speed reductions or changes of direction. The aim of separating such curves is to reduce the element of surprise.

102 Dangerous turns

This sign is used to warn of several dangerous turns in succession, the first on the right. The sign is also available in a mirrored version. A bend is considered dangerous when road users have to make sudden speed reductions or changes of direction. The aim of separating such curves is to reduce the element of surprise.

104.1 Steep hill

The sign warns of an upcoming uphill that is long and steep, and can come as such a surprise to road users that it causes particular danger or major accessibility problems.

104.2 Steep hill

The sign warns of an upcoming downhill slope that is long and steep, and can come as such a surprise to road users that it causes particular danger or major accessibility problems.

106.1 Narrower road

This sign warns of significant narrowings on both sides of roads with high speed or heavy traffic. The sign can also be placed on roads where the upcoming narrowing is not easy to see from a sufficient distance.

106.2 Narrower road

The road becomes narrower and the narrowing occurs on the right. This means that you are obliged to give way to oncoming traffic unless otherwise indicated and the road is too narrow for two vehicles to pass each other. Available in a mirrored version.

7. Signs

7.1 Danger signs (2/6)

Danger sign

108 Uneven road

The sign warns of bumps in the road that can be dangerous if you don't slow down. Minor irregularities shall not be notified. It is easy to confuse this sign with the sign for speed bumps.

109 Speed ​​bump

The sign warns of upcoming speed bumps. The sign is not usually used in areas with a speed limit zone of 30 km/h since the speed is already low.

110 Road works

This sign warns road users that they are coming to a place where roadworks are in progress and that they must therefore exercise particular care. There may be people, machines or vehicles working on or near the road. Parts of the road may also be closed.

112 Stone chips

This sign warns of the danger of rock debris on the upcoming section. In certain road conditions, there is a risk of loose stones bouncing off the wheels. The stones can damage windows.

114.1 Race hazard

The sign warns of the danger of rock, earth, snow and similar landslides on the upcoming stretch. This means that debris can lie on the roadway and you must pay close attention to the road. The sign shows which side of the road the landslide can come from and is available in a mirrored version.

116 Smooth roadway

The sign is used when the road is slippery, e.g. in case of heavy rainfall or in places where the road may be exposed to special icing over a bridge or isolated embankment. The sign can also be used to warn that the road surface may become slippery during rainfall due to newly laid asphalt or soil on the carriageway. The sign is also used to warn of slippery road surfaces due to special conditions that have arisen, for example in the event of an oil spill. Note that the sign is not used to warn of slippery road surfaces due to snow or ice under normal conditions.

7. Signs

7.1 Danger signs (3/6)

Danger sign

117 Dangerous road cold

Sign 117 is set up where the roadside is steep, uneven, or has poor bearing capacity. Vehicles must not drive along the roadside.

118 Movable bridge

The sign is put up in front of drawbridges or swing bridges, to make you aware that the road may be closed if the bridge is raised.

120 Quay, beach or ferry hire

The sign is used to warn that the road leads directly towards water at the quay, beach or ferry port if this could cause a risk of going downhill.

122 Tunnel

The sign is used in front of tunnels that have not been notified with a "Tunnel name sign" if the tunnel first becomes visible at a distance of 150-250 meters and is so long or located in such a way that daylight does not illuminate it in its full length.

124 Dangerous intersection

Warns of a dangerous intersection where the usual duty to give way to traffic from the right applies. The intersection may be unclear, difficult to spot, or there may have been accidents there in the past.

126 Roundabout

The sign is put up before a dangerous roundabout, or where a roundabout can come as a surprise to traffic. The sign is rarely used in front of roundabouts.

7. Signs

7.1 Danger signs (4/6)

Danger sign

132 Traffic light signal

This sign can be found in front of traffic lights that can surprise traffic, due to a high speed limit or poor visibility. On roads with a speed limit of 60 km/h or outside densely built-up areas, these are appropriate places to use the sign.

134 Level crossing with barrier

This sign warns of an upcoming level crossing that is secured with a barrier.

135 Level crossing without barrier

The sign warns of a level crossing that is not secured with a barrier.

136.1 Distance signs

This is the last distance sign before the level crossing. The sign shows that there is 1/3 left of the distance indicated by the first distance sign.

132.2 Distance signs

Second notice of upcoming level crossing. The sign shows that there is 2/3 left of the distance indicated by the first distance sign.

136.3 Distance signs

First notification of upcoming level crossing. Stands together with level crossing warning signs.

7. Signs

7.1 Danger signs (5/6)

Danger sign

138.1 Railway track – single track

The sign is at the level crossing itself and shows that it is single track.

138.2 Railway track – multi-track

The sign is at the level crossing itself and shows that it is multi-track.

139 Tram

Sign 139 is used to warn of trams in mixed traffic. It must be used in front of all intersections with trams where the speed limit is 60 km/h or higher. Where the speed limit is 50 km/h or lower, sign 139 can be used in front of junctions or other places where trams can surprise other traffic.

140 Distance to footpath

The sign is used to warn of upcoming pedestrian crossings and must always have a lower sign showing the distance to the pedestrian crossing. The sign is used before pedestrian crossings in areas that are not clearly densely built-up or if the visibility of the pedestrian crossing is poor.

142 Children

The sign is put up where children typically travel, for example at a school, playground or nursery school.

144 Cyclists

This sign is put up before sections where cyclists often cross or drive into the road.

7. Signs

7.1 Danger signs (6/6)

Danger sign

146.1 Moose

The sign stands in front of stretches where moose often travel along the road and where there is a danger of them crossing the road.

146.2 Reindeer

This sign stands in front of stretches where reindeer often travel along the road and where there is a danger of them crossing the road.

146.3 Deer

The sign stands in front of stretches where deer often travel along the road and where there is a danger of them crossing the road.

146.4 Cow

This sign should only be used in places where cows often cross or stay on the road, and the visibility conditions require notification. Outside the grazing season, the signs must be removed or covered.

146.5 Sheep

This sign should only be used in places where sheep often cross or stay on the road, and the visibility conditions require notification. Outside the grazing season, the signs must be removed or covered.

148 Oncoming traffic

Sign 148 can be used after a stretch of road with one-way traffic, or in other places where misunderstandings may arise regarding the direction of travel, to warn that the following stretch of road has traffic in both directions.

7. Signs

7.2 Give way and right-of-way signs (1/2)

Obligation to yield and right-of-way signs

202 Obligation to give way

The sign is at the entrance to an intersection or other road, and shows that drivers are obliged to give way to traffic from all directions.

204 Stop

The sign means that you are obliged to give way to traffic from all directions at the intersection or the road you are entering. In addition, the sign requires you to stop completely before driving onto the road - even if you do not see other road users on the road.

206 Access road

Sign 206 indicates that you are driving on a right-of-way. Drivers coming from a side road or crossing road are obliged to give way to you. The sign is valid until it is canceled with the sign End of right-of-way, Obligation to give way or Stop.

208 End of driveway

The sign warns that the right-of-way has come to an end and normal right-of-way rules apply again. You must therefore give way to traffic from the right unless another sign says otherwise.

210 Right-of-way intersection

The sign is shaped like a danger sign, but belongs to the right-of-way and right-of-way signs. The sign is put up in front of intersections that are unclear, complicated or prone to accidents. There is crossing traffic that is obliged to give way, but you should drive through the crossing with great care.

212 Obligation to yield to oncoming drivers

You are obliged to yield to oncoming traffic. This means that you are the one who has to stop in front of obstacles or narrow sections of road where there is only room for one car in width. You can drive when oncoming traffic has passed. Oncoming traffic sees the next sign in this list, 214.

7. Signs

7.2 Obligation to yield and right-of-way signs (2/2)

Obligation to yield and right-of-way signs

214 Oncoming vehicles are obliged to give way

Oncoming traffic has the right of way for you. It is therefore you who must drive first in road sections where there is only room for one car in width - for example due to an obstacle or a narrowing. Oncoming traffic sees the previous sign in this list, 212.

7. Signs

7.3 Prohibition signs (1/7)

Prohibition sign

302 Entry prohibited

The sign is in front of roads you are not allowed to drive onto. It is mainly used in front of one-way streets.

306.0 Prohibited for all vehicles

This sign stands in front of a road where it is forbidden for all vehicles to travel. The ban applies from the sign until the next intersection. It is permitted to wheel bicycles and mopeds.

306.1 Prohibited for motor vehicles

This sign is used to prohibit or restrict driving with a motor vehicle. The sign often has sub-signs that specify time periods, certain vehicles or prohibitions against driving through.

306.3 Prohibited for tractors and for motor implements designed for speeds less than 40 km/h

Prohibited for all tractors. Also those who can drive over 40 km/h. The sign is used on roads where it is important that traffic maintains a high speed.

306.4 Prohibited for motorcycles and mopeds

Used when traffic with motorcycles and mopeds is to be prohibited or restricted.

306.5 Prohibited for trucks and tractors

The sign is used when it is desirable to prohibit or limit traffic with lorries and tractors for reasons other than width restrictions, height restrictions, length restrictions and weight restrictions.

7. Signs

7.3 Prohibition signs (2/7)

Prohibition sign

306.6 Prohibited for cyclists

The sign must be used when, for reasons of traffic safety, it is necessary to prohibit bicycle traffic on a stretch of road. This is typically on major main roads with heavy traffic and high speed levels.

306.7 Prohibited for pedestrians

This sign is used when, for reasons of traffic safety, it is necessary to prohibit pedestrian traffic on a stretch of road. The sign only applies to pedestrians.

306.8 Prohibited for pedestrians and cyclists

This sign is used when, for reasons of traffic safety, it is necessary to prohibit both pedestrian and bicycle traffic on a stretch of road. This will typically be at tunnels or on major main roads with heavy traffic and high speed levels.

306.9 Prohibited for riders

Sign 306.9 is used when it is necessary to prohibit riding on a stretch of road. The sign must only be used in special cases where the rider is a major inconvenience to other traffic.

308 Prohibited for the transport of dangerous goods

This sign is used when considerations of traffic safety or the environment make it necessary to prohibit the transport of dangerous goods on a stretch of road. Such a ban may be particularly relevant for tunnels with a long length or a large volume of traffic. The ban applies to vehicles carrying dangerous goods that are mentioned in regulation 1 December 2006 no. 1331 on the transport of dangerous goods by road and rail.

310 Prohibited for motor vehicles with more than two wheels and with a permissible total weight higher than specified

Here, the weight limit is 3.5 tonnes permitted total weight. What is your vehicle's permissible total weight can be found in the vehicle registration card.

7. Signs

7.3 Prohibition signs (3/7)

Prohibition sign

312 Width limit

The sign indicates the maximum width of vehicles with goods included. This sign sets the limit at 2.3 metres.

314 Height limit

The sign must be used at all tunnels when the measured height is less than 4.60 meters and indicates the maximum height of vehicles including goods. In this example, the limit is 3.5 metres.

316 Length limit

The sign indicates the length limit of vehicles, including goods and any attachments. Here the limit is 10 metres.

318.1 Total weight limit for vehicles

The sign indicates the maximum weight for one vehicle with any load for the upcoming section. If you have several vehicles - i.e. truck trains - each of the vehicles can weigh a maximum of the specified weight. This sign indicates a limit of 12 tonnes.

318.2 Total weight limit for wagon trains

The sign applies to truck trains. The vehicles in a train cannot weigh more than the specified weight in total. Individual vehicles cannot weigh more than the stated weight either. The specified weight is here 30 tonnes.

320 Axle load limit

This sign applies to heavier vehicles and indicates the maximum axle load. For bogie axles, the indicated weight on the sign must be multiplied by 1.5 and for triple bogies, the indicated weight must be multiplied by 2. The specified axle load is here 3 tonnes.

7. Signs

7.3 Prohibition signs (4/7)

Prohibition sign

322 Bogie load limit

This sign also only applies to heavier vehicles and indicates the maximum bogie load for a section. Here 10 tonnes.

324 Stop for specified purpose

The sign warns of a mandatory stop for inspection. It is therefore not allowed to continue driving until the inspection has been carried out. The sign is also available in a variant that warns of a toll stop.

326 Stop for customs

Sign 326 is used to indicate the place where customs clearance is to be carried out and indicates the obligation to stop for customs clearance in accordance with the applicable customs regulations.

330.1 Prohibition of turning

Prohibited turns are used to prohibit right-hand turns at intersections or exits. Turning bans may be necessary due to poor visibility or space, for reasons of traffic flow or to prevent wrong driving into an oncoming one-way street.

330.2 Prohibition of turning

Like the previous sign, but here to prohibit left turns at crossroads or exits.

332 Reversal prohibition

Sign 332 is used where turning is to be prohibited. The regulation is not only limited to "U-turns", but also covers other forms of turning manoeuvres, such as reversing into or out of a crossing road or exiting to make a turn. The sign applies from where it is set up up to and including the first road junction.

7. Signs

7.3 Prohibition signs (5/7)

Prohibition sign

334 Overtaking prohibition

The sign indicates a prohibition against passing a motor vehicle with more than two wheels. The ban applies until it is lifted with a sign, or in the section indicated by a sub-sign. The sign is typically set up where visibility and conditions for overtaking may seem good enough, but are not.

335 Overtaking prohibition for trucks

Lorries, defined as motor vehicles with a permissible total weight of over 3,500 kg, cannot overtake motor vehicles with more than two wheels. The ban applies until it is lifted with a sign, or in the section indicated on the sub-sign.

336 End of overtaking ban

The sign repeals the ban on overtaking vehicles with more than two wheels.

337 End of overtaking ban for trucks

This sign repeals the ban on trucks passing vehicles on more than two wheels.

362 Speed ​​limit

It is forbidden to drive faster than the speed indicated on the sign. The sign is valid until a different speed limit is indicated, either with a new speed limit sign or with the sign End of special speed limit (364). When the sign is only on the right side of the road, this is to repeat the applicable speed limit.

364 End of special speed limit

When the speed limit is lifted with this sign, the general speed limit applies. The sign must only be used outside densely built-up areas, so this means that the new speed limit is 80 km/h.

7. Signs

7.3 Prohibition signs (6/7)

Prohibition sign

366 Speed ​​limit zone

The sign indicates a speed limit of 30 km/h in a larger, delimited area with several roads. For example, a residential area, city center area or other areas where zone signage is appropriate.

368 End of speed limit zone

30 zone is abolished, and the general speed limits apply. As speed limit zones are usually used in densely built-up areas, the speed limit will probably be 50 km/h.

370 Stopping prohibited

The sign indicates a prohibition against stopping vehicles on the side of the road where the sign is posted. The ban applies until the next road junction or until other signs lift the ban.

372 Parking prohibited

The sign indicates a prohibition against parking (see definition of parking in the Traffic Rules) on the side of the road where the sign is posted. The sign applies until the next road junction, or until other signs lift the ban.

376.1 Parking zone

The sign indicates parking rules for a larger area. The sign shows that you can park for a maximum of 1 hour on weekdays between 08:00 and 18:00. Outside this time period, you can park without restriction for 1 hour. The sign is valid until it is revoked with the end of parking zone signs.

376.2 Parking zone

The sign indicates parking regulations for a larger area. The sign shows that parking is prohibited between 08.00 and 18.00 on weekdays, and 08.00 and 16.00 on Saturdays. Outside this period, parking is permitted. The sign is valid until it is revoked by the end of parking zone signs. Some areas in a zone may be regulated by other parking signs.

7. Signs

7.3 Prohibition signs (7/7)

Prohibition sign

378.1 End of parking zone

Sign 378 must be used to cancel the parking zone. This zone is not canceled by other parking regulation signs.

378.2 End of parking zone

Sign 378 must be used to cancel the zone regulation indicated with the Parking zone sign. This zone is not canceled by other parking regulation signs.

7. Signs

7.4 Mandatory signs (1/2)

Mandatory sign

402.1 Mandatory direction of travel

All the signs in series 402 show which way drivers must take at an intersection. 402.1 is located at the intersection itself and only allows you to turn right at the intersection.

402.2 Mandatory direction of travel

If this sign is at the intersection, you can only turn left.

402.3 Mandatory direction of travel

At intersections with this sign you can only drive straight ahead.

402.4 Mandatory direction of travel

In contrast to 402.1, which stands at the intersection itself, this sign is put up just before the intersection. At intersections with several lanes on the way in, the sign can hang over the lane.

402.5 Mandatory direction of travel

In contrast to 402.2, which is erected at the intersection, this sign is erected before the intersection. But the sign warns of the same mandatory choice of direction for the intersection.

402.6 Mandatory direction of travel

The sign is before the intersection and indicates which directions you can drive at the intersection.

7. Signs

7.4 Mandatory signs (2/2)

Mandatory sign

402.7 Mandatory direction of travel

The sign is before the intersection and indicates which directions you can drive at the intersection.

402.8 Mandatory direction of travel

The sign is before the intersection and indicates which directions you can drive at the intersection.

404.1 Mandated lane

The sign indicates that drivers must pass the sign on the side the arrow points towards and is mostly used on traffic islands, traffic dividers and center dividers where driving traffic must only pass on one side.

404.2 Mandated lane

As the previous sign, but here you must pass the sign on the left.

406 Mandatory roundabout

The sign always stands together with the right-of-way sign and must be put up in front of all roundabouts.

7. Signs

7.5 Information sign (1/8)

Information sign

501 Freeway

The sign states that the upcoming section is a motorway and must be set up where it begins, and where roads or ramps leading to the motorway take off from the rest of the road network. It is forbidden for mopeds, cyclists, pedestrians, and for vehicles that cannot legally drive over 40 km/h to drive there. It is also forbidden to park, turn, stop or reverse on a motorway.

503 Motor traffic road

The sign states that rules for motor traffic roads apply. As on the motorway, it is prohibited for mopeds, pedestrians and cyclists, and for vehicles that cannot legally drive over 40 km/h. It is also forbidden to turn, reverse, stop or park. The standard requirement on the road is not as high as for the motorway

504 End of motorway

Sign 504 is used to indicate the end of a motorway when it turns directly into a normal road. This must also be announced with sign 504 together with sub-sign 802 "Distance".

505 End of motorway

Sign 505 is used to indicate the end of a motor traffic road when it crosses directly into a public road. Notification of the transition is not necessary.

506 Heavy traffic lane

Driving lane for motor vehicles with a permissible total weight higher than specified. The sign indicates that the lane for heavy traffic begins and that the provisions of the traffic rules on heavy traffic lanes apply. The sign applies up to sign 507 "End of heavy traffic lane" or to the first road junction. The sign is also canceled by road signs indicating other use of the field.

507 End of heavy traffic lane

This sign cancels the heavy traffic lane

7. Signs

7.5 Information sign (2/8)

Information sign

508.1 Collective lane for buses

The sign indicates that the public transport lane begins and that the provisions of the traffic rules on public transport lanes apply. This means that electric cars, mopeds, motorcycles and uniformed emergency vehicles can also use the lane.

508.2 Collective lanes for buses and taxis

Same sign as previous, but in addition, taxis can also use this public transport field.

509 Joint use field

The sign informs about joint use fields. This lane can be used by taxis and buses, and by vehicles carrying at least the number of passengers indicated on the sign, in this case 2 people. Mopeds and motorcycles can also use the shared use area.

510.1 End of public transport lane

Sign 510 indicates that the traffic rules' provisions on public transport lanes cease to apply. Collective lanes can also be canceled by road junctions and road signs indicating other uses of the lane. In such cases, sign 510 must not be erected.

510.2 End of public transport lanes

Same as previous sign.

511 End of joint use field

This sign indicates that the traffic regulations' provisions on shared use lanes cease to apply. Joint-use fields are also canceled by road junctions and road signs indicating other uses of the field. In such cases, sign 511 must not be put up.

7. Signs

7.5 Information sign (3/8)

Information sign

511 End of joint use field

This sign indicates that the traffic regulations' provisions on shared use lanes cease to apply. Joint-use fields are also canceled by road junctions and road signs indicating other uses of the field. In such cases, sign 511 must not be put up.

512 Bus stop

The sign informs that there is a bus stop on the site and that the provisions of the traffic regulations regarding bus stops apply. The sign can be placed on reading sheds and on timetables.

513 Tram stop

The sign warns of a tram stop.

514 Taxi stand

The sign indicates that there is a taxi stand on the site. The provisions of the traffic rules on stopping places apply. The sign can be placed on reading carts.

516 Crosswalk

The sign indicates the crossing point for pedestrians and the rules for pedestrian crossings apply. If the pedestrian lane is not regulated by traffic lights, the driver is obliged to give way to pedestrians who are in the lane or on their way out of it. Drivers must not stop on pedestrian crossings, or park closer than 5 meters in front of pedestrian crossings. If the road has a crosswalk, pedestrians must use the crosswalk when crossing the road.

518 Walkway

The sign informs about the way for pedestrians. Prohibited for vehicles and bicycles must have a parallel corresponding offer.

7. Signs

7.5 Information sign (4/8)

Information sign

520 Cycle route

Road for cyclists. Prohibited for all driving except bicycles.

521 Cycle lane

The road has its own lane for cyclists, which must not be used by other drivers, and it is also forbidden to stop or park there. Cyclists must use the cycle lane on the right side of the road if there are cycle lanes in both directions.

522 Pedestrian and cycle path

Road for pedestrians and cyclists.

524 Meeting place

The sign is used on roads that in places do not have room for two cars in width, to mark sections or pockets where there is room for two cars in width. This way, oncoming traffic can use the meeting space to pass each other. It is not allowed to park in a meeting place.

526.1 One-way traffic

This is the sign for one-way traffic and shows the permitted direction of travel on the road. Used on one-way roads. The sign is also available in landscape version (526.2)

526.2 One-way driving

Same as sign 526.1, but in landscape version. The sign shows the permitted direction of travel on the road. Used on one-way roads.

7. Signs

7.5 Information sign (5/8)

Information sign

527.1 Dead end

The sign shows that the road straight ahead is a dead end. The sign comes in a number of variants, with different directions such as a dead end.

527.3 Dead end

One of many dead ends. The sign shows that the road is a dead end for drivers, but that there is a cycle path ahead. The path can be used by pedestrians and cyclists.

527.4 Dead end

One of many dead end variants. This shows that cyclists and pedestrians can continue past the cul-de-sac.

528 Optional lane

Sign 528 is used to mark the tip of an island where traffic lanes leading in the same direction are separated by means of refuges, traffic dividers or the like. The sign must not be used between carriageways that branch out from each other.

530 Interlacing

Sign 530 is used to notify that two normal lanes are being merged into one, and that it must merge in accordance with the provisions of the traffic regulations. This means that when the number of normal lanes in the same direction is reduced, the speed must be mutually adapted so that the drivers can continue alternately without unnecessary hindrance or disturbance to each other.

531.1 Field for speed increase

The sign is on a two-lane road, and shows that an acceleration lane is coming in from the right, which will merge with the right-hand lane on the two-lane road. The lanes that are red have an obligation to give way to those driving in the black lane on the far left.

7. Signs

7.5 Information sign (6/8)

Information sign

531.2 Field for speed increase

Same as sign 531.1, but this is written on the acceleration field entering from the right.

532 Lane ends

Sign 532 is used to notify that lanes end at lane closures where the traffic rules' provisions on merging shall not apply. The sign obliges those driving in the lane who stop to make a lane change to give way in accordance with the traffic rules.

534 Lane begins

Sign 534 is available in various variants and shows that an extra lane begins on a stretch of road.

536.1 Hitting continues in own lane

The sign shows that the carriageway is carried along with another carriageway in the same direction of travel, and that all lanes in the direction of travel are carried on as separate lanes. The most common case is that the on-ramp continues in its own lane parallel to the lanes on the thoroughfare.

536.2 Hitting continues in own lane

Same as 536.1, but this is on the connecting road

538 Lane division

The sign indicates the number of lanes on the carriageway, and the direction of travel for the individual lanes. Special regulations that apply to certain fields may be shown on the sign. The sign is available in a number of different editions.

7. Signs

7.5 Information sign (7/8)

Information sign

539 Changed driving pattern

The sign is yellow because it is temporary. It shows a change in driving pattern. This sign shows that the right-hand lane must drive through an opening in the middle section, and lie down in the right-hand lane in the opposite direction of travel. New routes are often carefully signposted.

540 Gatetun

The sign informs you that you are coming to a street garden and the rules for street gardens apply. Vehicles are obliged to give way to pedestrians, vehicles cannot drive faster than walking speed and parking can only take place in designated spaces.

542 End of street garden

Sign 542 informs that you are about to leave the street garden and that the traffic rules' provisions on street garden cease to apply.

548 Gågate

The sign indicates the boundary of the area where it is forbidden to drive a motor vehicle and where the provisions of the traffic rules on pedestrian streets apply. In certain cases, it may be necessary to permit the transport of goods and, exceptionally, also other driving in pedestrian streets.

550 End of pedestrian street

The sign warns that the pedestrian street has ended, and you are obliged to yield in the same way as when you come from a car park.

552 Parking

The sign indicates that parking is permitted on the site, as long as the parking does not contravene the provisions of the traffic rules regarding stopping or parking.

7. Signs

7.5 Information sign (8/8)

Information sign

556 Automatic traffic control

The sign warns of a photo booth. The photo booth photographs your vehicle if you are speeding when you pass it.

556.2 Automatic traffic control

The sign warns of a speed camera in distance measurement. With distance measurement, your speed is measured by checking how long you spend between two speed cameras. The first box takes a picture of all vehicles, and the second box only takes a picture of those that use such a short time that the speed has been too high.

558 Video control/surveillance

The sign warns that there is control or monitoring of traffic with a video camera at the place or stretch of road in question. The sign is set up in front of toll booths with video control of the toll lanes.

560 Information board

The sign must provide information about road and traffic conditions that cannot be communicated with other signs, such as toll booths, detours or tourist destinations. At tourist information the sign is brown and at roadworks the sign is yellow.

565 Wrong direction of travel

The sign has almost the same function 302 Entry prohibited, but is used exclusively as an additional warning to prevent road users from straying onto the motorway in the direction of traffic.

570.1 Emergency exit sign for tunnel

The sign is at the emergency exit in the tunnel. The sign must be erected at all cross connections and other escape routes in tunnels.

570.2 Emergency exit sign for tunnel

The sign points to the emergency exit in the tunnel and indicates the distance to the exit.

7. Signs

7.6 Service plate (1/4)

Service plate

601 Listen to the radio

The sign encourages drivers to listen to the radio to receive important traffic announcements. The sign is mainly used in tunnels.

602 First aid

The sign shows the way to the emergency department with a 24-hour emergency department.

605 Emergency telephone

The sign shows the location of the emergency phone, where you can call the emergency services. Used on motorways, high mountain crossings and in road tunnels.

606 Fire extinguisher

The sign is used to mark a place with a fire extinguisher that has been set up for the benefit of road users, e.g. in road tunnels. It can only be used on service signs that mark such a place. The symbol can be combined with the symbol for emergency telephone (605).

608 Vehicle workshop

Shows the way to an authorized vehicle workshop in areas where workshops are rare. The sign only refers to workshops that repair all car brands.

610 Fuel

Shows the way to a petrol station with 24-hour sales of fuel.

7. Signs

7.6 Service plate (2/4)

Service plate

611 Toilet drainage system

Symbol 611 is used to refer to facilities that can accept toilet waste from all applicable vehicle types; caravans, mobile homes and buses, and to mark where such facilities are located.

612 Toilet

Symbol 612 is used to refer to a public toilet that is not located in a rest area, or to a private toilet where the road authorities have entered into a special agreement that the toilet can be used by all road users. The toilet must be available around the clock and must be accessible to wheelchair users.

613 Rest area

Symbol 613 is used to indicate rest areas for which the Norwegian Public Roads Administration is responsible, or where there is an agreement with private parties for operation.

613.2 Rest area with toilet

As the previous sign, but with access to a toilet.

614 Easier serving

The sign warns of a kiosk or small roadside inn that serves simple food such as hamburgers, pizza and sausages.

616 Restaurant

The sign can be used for eateries where hot dinners are served in separate premises with tables and chairs. This will apply to restaurants and cafeterias with a good selection of products. The place must have a municipal license to run such activities in accordance with the Catering Act, and must be open to all road users for at least 8 hours every day.

7. Signs

7.6 Service plate (3/4)

Service plate

618 Campsite

The sign is used for campsites that are designed for tents, caravans and mobile homes. The site can also have camping cabins.

621 Motorhome space

This sign informs about pitches that have at least 8 pitches that are specifically intended for setting up mobile homes, and which are not intended for setting up caravans. These can be special pitches adjacent to a campsite, or pitches reserved for mobile home accommodation in or near urban areas.

622 Camping cabins

Symbol 622 on a service sign can be used for places that rent camping cabins, and which can document that it meets the quality requirements for a star.

624 Hostel

This sign informs about hostels that meet the authorities' requirements for accommodation establishments.

626 Accommodation

The sign informs about accommodation which is located up to 10 km from the road it is shown from, and which mainly serves the traffic on this road. In very sparsely built-up areas, it can be shown over a longer distance.

635 Information

Shows the location of information boards for tourists and other road users who want information about the area.

637 Tourist office

This sign is used to indicate tourist information offices that have authorization in class 1 from the "Authorization Board for tourist information offices in Norway."

7. Signs

7.6 Service plate (4/4)

Service plate

640 Sights

The sign informs about sights that are significant or interesting to more than a few particularly interested people, e.g., past memory, historical building or special natural phenomenon. The symbol on the sign must not be used for purely commercial facilities such as amusement parks.

640.12 Museum/gallery

The sign informs about a museum or gallery.

640.20 View point.

The sign informs about a viewpoint along the road with a sensational view.

650 Bathing area

Symbol 650.10 can be used to indicate a public bathing area or other bathing area that the municipality wishes to point to and which is open to all road users.

650.11 Fishing place

Symbol 650.11 can be used to indicate a fishing spot that is open to all road users, and where you can fish with your own or hired gear from shore. The sign must be recommended by a local outdoor or tourist organisation.

650.20 Hiking trail

The sign is used to mark the starting point for hikes. This starting point must have good parking conditions. There must be an information board at the site showing the range of marked walking paths and trails in the area, and there must be at least one marked walking path/trail that starts from this location.

650.30 Ski trail

The sign is set up to indicate the starting point for ski tours. This starting point should have good parking conditions.

650.40 Farm food/rural tourism

The sign is put up in front of places that offer rural tourism and farm food.

7. Signs

7.7 Road signs (1/10)

Road sign

701 Table orientation board

This type of table orientation board is used before regular, simple intersections. The shape of the junction or exit is not shown.

703 Chart Orientation Board

These show the shape of intersections or exits, and important signs.

705 Exit sign

These are used to show motorway exits or similar roads.

707 Lane orientation board

The sign is used to show the way when several fields go in different directions, or where there is a need to show which files go where.

711 Table Wizard

Used at intersections with many display targets that need signage.

717 Lane Wizard

The sign shows which destinations the lane is intended for.

7. Signs

7.7 Road signs (2/10)

Road sign

709 Portal orientation board

Sign 709 is used in front of junctions with multiple lanes and in other places with multiple lanes when it is necessary to show traffic with a specific destination to a specific lane. On multi-lane roads. Especially on motorways with a lot of traffic, traffic in other lanes will often obstruct the view of road signs placed to the side. Use of sign 709 will then be necessary.

713 Common wizard

Same function as 711, but used in simple intersections and roundabouts, and shows the way to different types of targets.

715 Exit guide

Shows exits that have an exit lane for speed reduction. The sign also shows the exit number. Only used on roads with level-signposted intersections.

719 Portal Wizard

On multi-lane roads and particularly on motorways with a lot of traffic, traffic in other lanes will often obstruct the view of side-placed direction signs, and the use of sign 719 will then be necessary. On roads with three lanes in the same direction, gantry signs must be used instead of side-placed signs.

723.11 Road number for European road

The sign stands along all European roads, and shows which European road you are on. E stands for European road.

723.12 Road number for European road

This sign is on the way as a guide to a European road. The surrounding lines are dashed. If the line is complete, you drive on the European route.

7. Signs

7.7 Road signs (3/10)

Road sign

723.13 Road number for a national road that is not a European road

You can find this sign on national roads, and shows which number the national road has.

723.14 Road number for a national road that is not a European road

The sign shows that the road leads to a national road. The road is not a European road.

723.15 Road number for numbered county road

Stands along county roads, and shows the number of the county road.

723.16 Road number for numbered county road

The sign is on the way as a guide to the numbered county road. The line is dashed.

723.21 Ring road/ring route

This sign stands along the ring road and shows which ring road you are on.

723.22 Ring road/ring route

The sign stands along the road leading to a ring road.

7. Signs

7.7 Road signs (4/10)

Road sign

723.31 National tourist route

The sign stands along roads that have the status of a national tourist road. It can also be written on signposts showing the way to the national tourist route.

723.41 Detour route for large vehicles

The sign is used to show the way for heavy vehicles, where they must take a different route than cars and other smaller vehicles.

723.51 Route for the transport of dangerous goods

The sign shows the way for vehicles transporting dangerous goods, where these cannot use the same road as other traffic. Mainly applies to heavy vehicles and other professional transport regulated by ADR legislation.

723 Junction number on multi-lane road

The sign warns of an upcoming exit. The number refers to the number of the exit. On larger roads, all exits have their own number.

723.72 Junction number on multi-lane road

Notifications of upcoming exit. The number refers to the number of the exit. On larger roads, all exits have their own number.

723.73 Junction number on a two-lane road

Notifications of upcoming exit. The number refers to the number of the exit. On larger roads, all exits have their own number.

7. Signs

7.7 Road signs (5/10)

Road sign

727 Place name plates

Such signs stand at the border of a city, town or other place that may be of importance to traffic.

729 Street/road name signs

Signs that inform about the name of the street or road.

731 Collective signs for directions

The sign shows places or businesses that can be reached via a shared road at an intersection or exit.

741 Detour for specific vehicle groups

The sign warns that the road is closed to specific vehicle groups, and that such vehicles must follow the detour as shown on the sign.

743 Temporary detour

This sign is often put up in connection with roadworks and alerts that the road is temporarily closed. Traffic must follow a detour route.

745 End of temporary detour

End of temporary detour. Traffic can follow the normal route.

7. Signs

7.7 Road signs (6/10)

Road sign

749 Guide for pedestrian traffic

The sign shows the measurements and distance for pedestrians on footpaths.

751 Bicycle route guide

Signs showing the direction and distance to the destination for cyclists along the cycle path.

753 Table guide for cycle route

Collection of signs for various cycle routes.

755 Cycle route signs

Set up along the bicycle route.

757 Distance sign for cycle route

Sign 757 is used to show the distance to targets along cycle routes. This can be important where the cycle route has different distances to car traffic.

761 Motorway

Symbol that stands in place of text on signs. This symbol means Motorway.

7. Signs

7.7 Road signs (7/10)

Road sign

763 Motor traffic road

Symbol that stands in place of text on signs. This symbol means Motor traffic road.

765 Toll road/user payment on the way

Symbol that stands in place of text on signs. This symbol means Toll road.

767 Parking

Symbol that stands in place of text on signs. This symbol means Parking.

769 Parking garage

Symbol that stands in place of text on signs. This symbol means Parking garage.

771 Airport/airfield

The symbol is inside a road sign, and shows the way to the airport.

772 Helipad

The symbol is in another signpost, and shows the way to the helipad.

7. Signs

7.7 Road signs (8/10)

Road sign

773 Bus station/bus terminal

The symbol is inside other direction signs, and shows the way to a bus station or bus stop.

774 Railway station/train terminal

The symbol is inside another signpost, and shows the way to the train station.

775 Car ferry

The symbol is inside other signposts and shows the way to the car ferry.

780 Chain

The symbol is inside other signposts, and shows the way to the chain site.

790.10 Church

The symbol is inside other signposts, and shows the way to the church.

790.15 Business area

The symbol is inside other signposts and shows the way to the commercial area.

7. Signs

7.7 Road signs (9/10)

Road sign

790.20 Swimming hall

The symbol is inside another signpost, and shows the way to the swimming pool.

790.30 Alpine facilities

The symbol is inside other signposts, and shows the way to alpine resorts.

790.31 Jump hill

The symbol is inside another signpost, and shows the way to the ski jump.

790.15 Ski stadium

The sign is inside other signposts and shows the way to the ski stadium.

792.11 Payment by electronic chip

The symbol is at a toll station or other road payment, and shows the method of payment. This sign means automatic bomb chip.

792.12 Payment to officer

The symbol is at a toll station or other road payment, and shows the method of payment. This sign means that you must pay to the official on the spot.

7. Signs

7.7 Road signs (10/10)

Road sign

792.12 Payment with coins to the machine

The symbol is at a toll station or other road payment, and shows the method of payment. This sign means payment by coin machine.

792.14 Payment by card to machine

The symbol is at a toll station or other road payment, and shows the method of payment. This sign means payment by card in the machine.

792.15 Payment with notes to a machine

The symbol is at a toll station or other road payment, and shows the method of payment. This sign means payment with notes in a machine.

792.16 Take a ticket in a closed payment system

The symbol is at a toll station or other road payment, and shows the method of payment. This sign means that you must take a ticket from a ticket machine that allows you to pay later.

792.17 Deliver ticket in a closed payment system

The symbol is at a toll station or other road payment, and shows the method of payment. This sign means that you must hand in a ticket you have previously collected from the payment system.

792.30 Fully automatic toll station that is passed without stopping

The symbol is at a toll station or other road payment, and shows the method of payment. This sign means that payment is made through a code tag and a fully automatic toll station that can be passed without stopping.

7. Signs

7.8 Sub-sign (1/5)

Undersigned

802 Distance

The sub-sign indicates the distance to the place where the main sign comes into force, or to the place where a corresponding main sign has been erected (so-called warning).

804 Extent

804 Extent shows which section the main sign applies to. This is set up 0.2 km before the main sign comes into effect. The main sign goes out of effect in 1.3 km.

806 Time

Shows which time periods the sign applies to. The numbers are the time. Black text without brackets is Monday-Friday, black text with brackets is Saturday, and red text is Sunday, other holidays and public holidays. The sign does not apply outside of the time periods specified, nor on days where no time period is specified. For example, it does not apply on Sundays if the sign does not have red times.

807.1 Symbol

Shows who the sign applies to. This is the symbol for passenger car.

807.2 Symbol

Shows who the sign applies to. This is the symbol for van, lorry and tow truck.

807.3 Symbol

Shows who the sign applies to. This is the symbol for bus.

7. Signs

7.8 Sub-sign (2/5)

Undersigned

807.4 Symbol

Shows who the sign applies to. This is the symbol for wagon trains.

807.5 Symbol

Shows who the sign applies to. This is the symbol for a trailer equipped for camping use and the vehicle pulling it.

807.6 Symbol

Shows who the sign applies to. This is the symbol for bicycle.

807.7 Symbol

Shows who the sign applies to. This is the symbol for motorcycles and mopeds.

807.8 Symbol

Shows who the sign applies to. This is the symbol for disabled people with a parking permit.

807.9 Symbol

Shows who the sign applies to. This is the symbol for vehicles that have been fitted out for camping, i.e. motorhomes.

7. Signs

7.8 Sub-sign (3/5)

Undersigned

808 Does not apply to buses and taxis

Placed under a sign to show that the sign does not apply to buses and taxis. The signs in the 808 series are called "text" and can say different things on them - for example "school" or "game crossing".

810 Swing arrow

Shows which direction at an intersection the sign applies to. This sub-sign shows that the main sign applies to the road turning to the right. Available in the version where the arrow points to the left.

812 Recommended speed

The sign is below a main sign that warns of danger, and indicates the recommended driving speed in connection with this danger.

813.1 Grade of rise

The sign is under warning of steep ground, uphill or downhill. The sign indicates how steep the hill is.

813.2 Grade of rise

The sign is under a steep hill warning, and indicates how steep the hill is. The sign recommends low gear, because low gear slows down the vehicle. This way you can limit the wear and tear on the normal braking system on long downhills. This sign indicates that the hill has a slope of 9 percent.

814 Really clear road width

The sign is placed under the notice of a narrower road, and indicates the width of the road itself and the air space above the road.

7. Signs

7.8 Sub-sign (4/5)

Undersigned

816 Crossing timber transport

The sign is put up under danger signs in areas with timber operations, where crossing timber transport can surprise traffic.

817 Special risk of accidents

The sign is put up under a warning about the danger of accidents. The image is adapted to the design of the hazard location.

822 Course of access road

The sub-sign is placed under signs that inform about the obligation to give way or the right-of-way, and shows the course of an intersection. The lines are roads. Thick lines are right-of-way, and thin lines are roads with an obligation to give way.

824 Notice of stop

The lower sign is below the yield sign, and warns of upcoming stop signs.

826 Cycle traffic in both directions

The lower sign shows that there is cycle traffic in both directions on a crossing cycle path or pedestrian and cycle path.

828.1 Extent of stopping and parking regulations

The sign is below the main sign, for example a parking sign, and indicates the section in question. This sign shows that the main sign applies before and after the main sign, up to the nearest intersection in both directions.

7. Signs

7.8 Sub-sign (5/5)

Undersigned

828.2 Extent of stopping and parking regulation

The sign is placed below the main sign to show the section the main sign is valid for. This sign shows that the main sign is valid in the stretch up to the sign, from the previous intersection or sign. Main signs with a downward arrow are therefore set up to mark the end of the validity section.

828.3 Extent of stopping and parking regulations

The sign is placed below the main sign to show the section for which the main sign is valid. This sign means that the main sign is valid from where the sign is put up, until the next intersection.

829 Positioning of parked vehicle

The sign is below the parking sign and indicates how the cars must park.

831 Parking disc

The sign below indicates that parking is only permitted if you have a parking disc, and have set this at the time you parked the car. The parking disc must be set so that the parking attendant can see that the maximum time of 2 hours has not been exceeded. The maximum parking time varies from place to place.

834 Combined regulation

The sub-sign indicates parking rules with symbols from other sub-signs. This sign means that the times apply to passenger cars.

7. Signs

7.9 Marking signs (1/2)

Marking sign

902H Background marking

A background marking is used to indicate unusually sharp curves where the driver has to make a significant speed reduction in the curve due to the course of the road through the bend. This is used in curves that turn to the right.

902V Background marking

Like the previous sign, this is used to indicate unusually sharp curves where the driver has to make a significant speed reduction in the curve due to the course of the road through the bend. This time to the left.

904H Direction marking

The sign is reminiscent of background marking, but is used in curves that are slightly less sharp. The curves are nevertheless atypical for the stretch and can come as a surprise to road users. In such curves, the driver often has to reduce speed.

904V Direction marking

Same as 904H, only direction left instead.

906H Obstacle marking

The slashes point down towards the side the marking can be passed on, in this case the left side. The H in the sign name stands for right, since the sign must be on the right side of the road.

906V Obstacle marking

The slashes point down towards the side the marking can be passed on, in this case the right side. The V in the sign name stands for left, since the sign must be on the left side of the road.

906VH Obstacle marking

The diagonal stripes point down towards the side on which the marking can be passed. This version of the sign is typically on traffic islands that can be passed on both sides.

908 Obstacle marking

"Obstacle marking is used to mark obstacles across or over the carriageway.

912 Exit marking

The sign marks an exit from a motorway or other road with a high standard. The sign looks like a larger, wider version of the 906 VH.

7. Signs

7.9 Marking signs (2/2)

Marking sign

914H Tunnel marking

This sign is used to mark the tunnel wall in relation to the carriageway and show road users the tunnel's alignment. The sign must be installed in all unlit tunnels and can be installed in tunnels without satisfactory lighting to improve visual guidance. Installation of tunnel markings does not replace lighting if such lighting is considered required based on a traffic safety assessment

914V Tunnel marking

Like 914H, but on the other side of the road.

916 Distance marking in tunnel

This sign shows the distance in km from where the sign is to the tunnel openings in both directions.

920H Edge post

Side posts with reflectors are used to improve the visual alignment in the dark on roads with a high speed level. This must be on the right side of the road.

920V Edge post

Side posts with reflectors are used to improve the visual alignment in the dark on roads with a high speed level. This is used on the left side of the road.

920VM Edge post

Variant of edge post.

930. Barrier marking

Marking indicating a roadblock or separation from the workplace.

940 Traffic cone

Cone that either indicates that road users must stay within the field into which they have been directed or indicates other conditions that road users must be aware of.

942 Traffic cylinder

Cylinder that either indicates that road users must stay within the field into which they have been directed or indicates other conditions that road users must be aware of.